Does Technology Hold the Key to Improved Life Expectancy?

Does Technology Hold the Key to Improved Life Expectancy? Andrew McMahon Stone   Introduction. Life expectancy is the average period a person may expect to live1. Almost universally, females live longest, as do MEDC dwellers. Globally, life expectancy has increased by 40% in the last 50 years (1960s: 50 years – present: 70 years). However, this is just an average so there will be extremes, for example, the oldest recorded person alive now is almost 116 years6 and there are babies that die within days of birth. Technology means developing, applying or studying tools and methods, thus, in context: the machinery used in hospitals; access to knowledge for educational health; and the development and use of medicines. In my family, life expectancy has stayed constant as my great grandparents lived into their eighties, two of my grandparents are still alive (aged 80), although one died at 48 years*. However I think that my brother, my cousins and I will survive for longer, given that my ancestors died from rare, non-genetic causes like cancer and brain haemorrhage. *My great grandfather was in the Great War and was shell shocked and spent the rest of his life in a mental hospital. Causes I believe that the main cause of improved life expectancy is the rate of the country’s technological growth but there are other factors, some natural, some human (Table 1) Table 1: factors affecting life expectancy There exists a correlation between population size and area and life expectancy, especially if we look at ‘extremes’, for example Monaco is the smallest country in the world, by area and almost population, and it has the highest life expectancy rate of 85 years for males and 93 years for females2. Similarly, China has the biggest population and has one of the biggest areas in the world yet it is in the top 100 for life expectancy and is rising with its population2. This might suggest that it is easier to provide access to smaller and larger concentrations of people, but then in the UK, we know that many rural dwellers often have to travel in excess of 40 miles to reach a hospital. This could prove fatal in terms of an emergency if people can’t be reached in time, thus this is where telecommunications technology and internet accessible health education (what to do if a person has a heart attack or stroke) are vital. I am very fortunate to live in an urban area and I have two hospitals within 15minutes drive of my home. Lifestyle choices affect the life expectancy of a person because someone might choose to eat healthily and exercise regularly and so, in theory, have a higher life expectancy than someone who chooses not to. This is a social factor, controlled by personal decisions, but it is mostly an MEDC issue. In LEDCs people often have little/no choice about their lifestyle as they may be limited by food/water supplies. Access to educational information via internet technology may help people make informed choices and improve life expectancies but if disregarded, then access to technology is of no benefit. Hereditary conditions like cystic fibrosis (the UK’s most common life threatening inherited disease7) can affect the life expectancy of a person as the average life expectancy for a person with CF is 37 years. There are70,000 sufferers worldwide)8 . Hereditary conditions affect people in both MEDCs and LEDCs although technologies in MEDCs are helping treat people with CF, so their life expectancy is slowly improving. The cost of such technologies is often prohibitive in LEDCs. Personal income is also a key determining economic factor. Those with more disposable income will have more opportunity to access health technology and more easily afford healthier food choices, which should result in improved life expectancy. However, it can result in poor lifestyle choices like over-eating or binge drinking so can have the opposite effect. This is unfortunately common in MEDCs, particularly the UK and USA, exacerbated by ‘supersize me’ in food outlets and BOGOF offers in supermarkets. War and conflict can be a big contributing factor to lowering life expectancy, with technology contributing in a negative way. Weapons have been developed that can kill more people more easily. Armed forces are mostly composed of men, which help explain why in some countries, they have a lower life expectancy than females. In Cambodia the life expectancy rate went down for men from 43 years in 1966 to 31 years in 1977 and for women from 46 years in 1966 to 34 years in 197714. This was because of a mass genocide by the Khmer Rouge regime15 that killed between one and two million people. In Telford, where I live, the life expectancy for males is 77.4 years which is 1.5 years less than the England average of 78.9 years. And the Telford life expectancy for females is 82 years which is 0.9 years less than the England average of 82.9 years. 9 Technology its impacts on life expectancy The true effects of technology on life expectancy depends on how you define technology; If you define technology as the access to information via the internet I would have thought that the world’s life expectancy would have reacted positively to the exponential growth of internet users in the last 20 years in figure 2. Figure 1 does show that the world’s life expectancy has increased in gradient but only very slightly steeper to the rate of growth before the early 90s. Figure 110: changes in life expectancy global Figure 2: internet users – globally (in red)11 This implies either that there are still countries that dont have a lot of internet users or that the amount of internet users does not directly affect the world’s life expectancy. I believe there is a link. To prove this, 96% of Iceland’s population13 are internet users and the average life expectancy is 81.28 years13, which puts it 6th in the world. Conversely, 0.8% of Eritrea’s population are internet users, the lowest in the world, and its average life expectancy is 61.42 years which is nearly 10 years below the worlds average. Nationally, in the UK, 87% of us are internet users and our average life expectancy is 80.05 years3, although I appreciate that the link between the two isn’t ‘exclusive’. At a personal level I have looked up symptoms to determine what illness I have and also researched how to improve my fitness which I believe will affect my life expectancy. Mobile phone technology enables people to access information about healthy lifestyles. I have a smart phone which can help me access information on any issue I might have with my health so that I can try to combat it. Nationally (UK), there is 97% coverage of the country, which enables almost everyone with an internet enabled phone or broadband connection to access. OAPs are encouraged to gain internet skills via free classes available at local libraries. Another factor contributing to improved life expectancy could be the amount of investment into research and development. Israel put the biggest percentage of their GDP into research and development, 4.2%, and their average life expectancy is 80.96 years which makes them 17th in the world. However Ethiopia only put 0.1 billion dollars into research and development which is only 0.17% of their GDP and I believe that this is a reason why their average life expectancy is 55.41 years, 14 years below the world’s average. In my country, the UK, 1.7% of the GDP is spent on research and development which is equivalent to 38.4 billion dollars5. With that money, university graduates have invented and designed technology to improve life expectancy like the portable defibrillator and the discovery of the hepatitis B vaccine 16. Non-profit organizations have also achieved similar eg a syringe that breaks after the first use to stop the spread of diseases like HIV. At a personal level my lif e expectancy has been enhanced by vaccines and medicines eg Hepatitis B immunisation as a child and the annual influenza vaccine. Continually evolving technology is bringing new developments into existence like 3D printers that can bio-print specific organs to replace failing ones although only a bladder has been printed so far. Personally all of my family have had scans sometime in their lives to diagnose specific illnesses or injuries that, if they and not been diagnosed, might have caused a lower life expectancy, eg bowel cancer screening and breast cancer screening. Technology cannot work without trained professionals! Technology can only hold the key to improved life expectancy if it is properly managed. Trained professionals are needed to operate scanners in hospitals and governments in LEDCs might not be able to afford them or to provide the training to get them and so technology would be irrelevant and ineffectual. Technology is also ineffective in places where infrastructure is either poor or non-existent e.g. electricity and internet access. Scenarios One of the biggest factors that affect life expectancy in LEDCs is maternal and infant health. Maternal and infant mortality rates are higher in LEDCs, further contributing to lower average life expectancies. If we can ensure safer births, we can improve life expectancy and the need to have so many children. This is where technology could come into play to assist midwives in challenging situations. Even without access to electricity and internet, updated written literature and health/hygiene guidance could be provided to help the situation. You could argue that this isn’t technology, but actually you need technology to design, print and distribute the books. And with the relatively new invention of the 3D printer, organizations could make models for midwifery that teach them in a practical way. If everyone in the world had access to technology I do think that globally life expectancy would increase significantly simply because of the sheer wealth of information available on the internet and people being able to gain health education. But the likelihood of everyone having access to technology in the future is low. For some, eg indigenous tribes and small groups isolated from modern civilization, there is a desire to remain untouched by external influences. Charities and wealthier governments could continue to send appropriate technology to LEDCs. I also believe that technology will develop further in the future and will eventually be able to help eradicate diseases and cancers. Conclusion I think that technology is key to improved life expectancy and I think in the future it will become the biggest influential factor. This is because other factors, I believe, will be controlled by technology. People will be able to make informed decisions regarding lifestyle choices and risks of poor lifestyle choices. If this doesnt stop them from choosing that lifestyle then the technology is there to help them with the ‘side effects’ or ‘symptoms’. Hereditary conditions will be easier to treat and cure, I think, enabling improved life expectancy. Quality of life, I also believe, will be enhanced by technology eg better quality housing. Technology is also getting cheaper by the year so should be more affordable. In the future access to clean water wont matter either because if there is an unclean water supply then filters can be fitted. Technology is (and will even more in the future) helping to reduce fatalities from happening when natural disasters occur by, simulating, in the process of building buildings that are less likely to fall, and aiding response times for emergency services to be faster. Bibliography. 1 https://www.google.co.uk/#q=define+life+expectancy – Definition of life expectancy. 2,3,5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancybHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancyy_life_expectancy World rankings for life expectancy in different years. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Esperanza_de_vida.PNG – World map of life expectancies (2008). http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/eco_tec_ach-economy-technological-achievement Technology achievement index by country. 5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countrHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_research_and_development_spendingiHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_research_and_development_spendinges_by_research_and_development_spending 6 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_living_supercentenarians 7 http://www.globaladventurechallenges.com/choose-charity/cystic-fibrosis-trust/ 8 http://www.cff.org/aboutcf/ 9http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebPageHPAwebAutoListDate/Page/1278943975984 10 https://www.google.co.uk/#q=world+life+expectancy 11 http://www.theawl.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Screen-shot-2010-08-17-at-2.11.10-PM.png 12 http://wHYPERLINK http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/421390/Watch-that-tells-your-time-to-diewHYPERLINK http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/421390/Watch-that-tells-your-time-to-diew.express.co.uk/news/uk/421390/Watch-that-tells-your-time-to-die 13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_numbHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_userseHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_usersr_of_Internet_users Internet users. 14http://www.google.co.uk/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_met_y=sp_dyn_le00_inhl=endl=enidim=country:KHM:LAO:MMR#!ctype=lstrail=falsebcs=dnselm=hmet_y=sp_dyn_le00_inscale_y=linind_y=falserdim=regionidim=country:KHM:LAO:MMRifdim=regiontstart=-94435200000tend=473644800000hl=en_USdl=enind=false 15http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/02/20122314155454169.html 16http://www.theguardian.com/education/2006/jul/05/highereducation.uk2 Discoveries by UK universities.

Humanities and Telecommunication :: Technology Marx Heidegger Papers

Humanities and Telecommunication Contemporary technology in the form of electronically managed interactive telecommunications is compatible with the goals and values of the humanities. For Marx, machine-work tended toward being mechanically routine, repetitive, deskilled, and trivialized. In the case of discourse, the same criticism has been made of computerized communication. Immediacy is not authorial presence, but the experience of textuality that is maximized by participation in interactive communication. Bulletin board technology inverts the relationship between the degree of communicative interaction and the number of communicants. It is both mass communication and individualized participation. From the point of view of a theory of discourse, the bulletin board system is unique in that the ratio between the number of participants and the individualized nature of the interaction is directly proportional. One person's voice does not inhibit or repress the voice of another. It is the technological embodiment of t he ideal speech situation of Habermas which allows for the maximum of democratic participation and which, by allowing everyone to have a voice, allows for the greatest amount of dissensus and dialectic. The thesis of this paper is that contemporary technology in the form of digital information, natural language processing, cybernetics, and particularly interactive telecommunications is compatible with the goals and values of the humanities. There has been, however, the criticism that technology is dehumanizing. We will consider and respond to this criticism in light of the thought of Marx, Marcuse, Lyotard and Heidegger. Only a few years ago the connotations surrounding the terms 'philosophy' and 'computers' were incongruous. One reason for this was the association of computer technology with mathematical computation and the manipulation of symbols in formal programming languages. Since most of us do not use computers for number crunching or programming, but for word processing, text processing, and communication, this incongruity has diminished. The concrete instance of this technology that the paper considers is the electronic bulletin board. A user calling into an electronic bulletin board can read and enter messages, upload and download files. The messages are usually divided into conferences or discussion groups where messages are listed according to subject matter, date, sender and receiver. The message log is also a searchable database through which multiple discussion threads can be followed. One major technological advantage of the bulletin board is the liberation from the constraints of time and space. Parties to a communication do not need to be at the same location or present at the same time.

Native Son Book Analysis

The Native Son by Richard Wright centers on the character of Bigger Thomas and the violent acts that he commits out of discontentment with his position in society.   Throughout the novel, he rapes, murders and fights his way through life.   His thoughts are constantly consumed with violent and sadistic imagery.   It is the author’s intent to portray Bigger as a mere product of the ghetto.   Although there is some development as a character later in the novel for Bigger, he is still a failed human being.   His actions and decisions are ghastly and his lack of options ultimately leads to a life of crime.   Society is responsible for the criminal behavior of Bigger Thomas. Violence and cruelty are two characteristics that apply to Bigger and support his role as an unsympathetic character.   An early scene introduces us to the cruelty that Bigger is capable of.   Bigger violently chases a rat and kills the animal with an iron skillet.   He terrorizes his sister with the dark body and she faints out of fear. The violence escalates as the narrative continues on.   Although Jan and Mary attempt to relate to him, he reacts with violence.   While Mary’s murder is not planned, the gruesomeness in the disposal of her body is indisputable. â€Å"The head hung limply on the newspapers, the curly black hair dragging about in blood. He whacked harder, but the head would not come off†¦He saw a hatchet. Yes! That would do it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wright 70).   His brutality continues on after Mary’s death and his most vicious act occurs when he later flees with his girlfriend Bessie.   Sensing her fear, he rapes and kills her in an abandon ed building.   Not only is his behavior violent, but the allusions to his thoughts are sadistic as well.   â€Å"He felt suddenly as though he wanted something solid and heavy in his hand: his gun, a knife, a brick† (Wright 154). The setting of the novel is crucial in understanding the reasons that society is to blame for his violence.   The urban areas of the United States during the Great Depression are a place where success is possible for only those who are white and rich; a category that Bigger does not fit into.   The novel particularly focuses on the feelings of social unrest that were occurring during this time period.   This focus allows the reader to understand how naturalism plays a primary role in the creation of Bigger.   Naturalism can be defined as the way a character’s environment influences the character and his actions.   Naturalism sets forth the notion that a character is formed and makes choices in response to the environment in which he lives.   Bigger has been predestined to become the criminal that he becomes over the course of the novel.   Yet he does not embrace this destiny, he is fearful of it.   â€Å"The moment a situation became so that it excited somethi ng in him, he rebelled. That was the way he lived; he passed his days trying to defeat or gratify powerful impulses in a world he feared† (Wright 44).   In this particular scene, Bigger realizes that he has picked a fight with his friend Gus out of fear of robbing the white shopkeeper. Bigger is angry at his position in society and incensed by the helplessness that he feels.   â€Å"I'd soon as go to jail than take that damn relief job† (Wright 32).   He is intimidated by whites and reacts with anger when he is forced to deal with them.   He does not know how to behave in front of the Daltons and he is unsettled by their manner of speaking.   They attempt to be kind to him, but this just fuels his anger and adds to his discomfort.   His fury with his family is also apparent.   He hates them because they suffer and there is no hope for an improvement in their situation.   His hatred derives from the fact that he has the inability to make a better life for them. Bigger allows the crimes that he has committed to give meaning to his life.   â€Å"For a little while I was free. I was doing something. It was wrong, but I was feeling all right†¦I killed ’em ’cause I was scared and mad but I been scared and mad all my life and after I killed that first woman, I wasn’t scared no more for a little while† (Wright 185).   The reason that Bigger kills is out of fear. After putting a drunken Mary Dalton to bed, he is about to be discovered in a very bad situation: alone with a helpless white girl in her bedroom. Bigger is so afraid of the consequences of being alone with Mary that he kills her. After the murder, he discovers he has finally accomplished something and he is in a way proud of the murder.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"He felt that he had his destiny in his grasp. He was more alive then he could ever remember having been: his attention and mind were pointed, focused toward the goal† (Wright 141). Symbolism is a device that Wright uses to depict the relationship between blacks and whites in Native Son.   The novel opens with the scene of Bigger killing a rat that he has found in his apartment.   This act is a summary for the rest of the novel.   Bigger and his family are the cornered animals, forced into a situation by the whites of the society.   The rat and Bigger are violent with each other as are blacks and whites.   Bigger is a mere by product of this relationship that had been the standard in this society.   Racism and hatred have caused him to act out in a violent manner. The last section is especially pertinent to the idea that society is responsible for Bigger Thomas.   The lawyer Max's effort is not to deny Bigger has killed, but is instead to clarify his own vision of how Bigger became who he is and of how he therefore did what he did. Max tries to explain to whites, the judge and jury, why Bigger is the way that he is. Max tries to make it clear the reasons that society is to blame for Bigger’s actions.   The jury proves his point because they will have no part of Max's argument and decides to execute Bigger rather than imprison him. This sentence is virtually anticlimactic in its predictability. â€Å"Although he could not put it into words, he knew not only had they resolved to put him to death, but they were determined to make his death mean more than a mere punishment; that they regarded him as a figment of that black world which they feared and were anxious to keep under control† (Wright 257).  Ã‚   This scene when Bigger realizes that everyone is against him, merely reinforce his awareness of the way that blacks and whites are split within American society. The Native Son is undoubtedly a powerful work that depicts the relationship between blacks and whites in society.   This static relationship that is constantly repressing black people is the cause of the criminal actions that those who are reticent commit.   Bigger Thomas is an example of the effect of this relationship.   He can not be blamed for his actions because he felt cornered and reacted the only way that he knew how.   Unfortunately, the novel ends on a pessimistic note.   The whites of the jury do not realize their part in the making of Bigger Thomas and decide to sentence him to death. BIBLIOGRAPHY George, Stephen K. â€Å"The Horror of Bigger Thomas: The Perception of Form without Face in Richard Wright's ‘Native Son.'.† African American Review 31.3 (1997): 497+. Hamilton, Sharon. â€Å"Wright's Native Son.† Explicator 55.4 (1997): 227-229. Tuhkanen, Miko Juhani. â€Å"†A (B)igger's Place†: Lynching and Specularity in Richard Wright's â€Å"Fire and Cloud† and ‘Native Son.'.† African American Review 33.1 (1999): 125+. Wright, Richard. Native Son. New York: Harper and Row, 1940.

Research Proposal - 784 Words

Merck Research Proposal STR/581 March 18, 2013 Merck Research Proposal Even though cost for medical care continues to escalate, Merck, the largest health care company in the world still works to improve people’s health and well-being. In November 2009, Merck, and Schering-Plough combined to create a new corporation. Both organizations together provide an even stronger commitment to providing good health and well-being. Through the years, Merck researchers have helped to find new ways to treat and prevent illness - from the discovery of vitamin B1, to the first measles vaccine, to cold remedies and antacids, to the first statins to treat high cholesterol (Merck, 2013). Merck’s mission statement defines their self-image as†¦show more content†¦Sources for Internal Environmental Analysis Merck shares stable strategic objectives in how they propose to develop and market their medications and vaccinations in a global fashion. The thought is to prove the worth of its medications and vaccines using lifecycle management while taking time to put into practice internal and external expansion possibilities, including national business growth. The 21st century brings two key rival global researched-based pharmaceutical companies. Merck takes satisfaction in the fact they are a peak manufacturer of pharmaceuticals that invent from the zero phase. This means that the research and developing of each drug exclusive through Merck. One of Merck’s biggest divisions is the vaccine branch. Conclusion Merck is probably the best run pharmaceutical company today with the best in-house RD. Merck has been pleasing the shareholders with lower spending and revenue growth. They have a healthy relationship with the FDA, which allows them to bring a drug to market faster. The organization stands by its values, mission, and vision. Needs of the stakeholders are met and the company has streamlined its process for profitability. References Merck and Company. (2013). Retrieved March 17, 2013, from http://www.merck.com. Wharton University of Pennsylvania. (2011). Merck’s Growth Strategy. Cohabitation over Marriage. Retrieved March 17, 2013, fromShow MoreRelatedResearch Proposal661 Words   |  3 PagesTO: Professor Sara Cutting FROM: Kiersten McCaffrey DATE: February 18, 2014 SUBJECT: Begin Business Plan for Potential Future Investment Background In the beginning of the semester you requested that I research a topic related to a personal decision such as a future goal. I am currently employed at a yoga studio and have a general understanding of the hard work that goes into running a small business. At the same time, I also directly see the benefits of owning a successful business.Read MoreProposal For A Research Proposal814 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is it? A typical research proposal is used by scholars and students who have an interest in your field. 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