Project Proposal for a Student Record Database Management System

Project Proposal for a Student Record Database Management System for Microtech Institute of Multimedia & Technology (MIMUT) TitleStudent Record Database Management System Centre Name:West African Chartered College Student Name:Malamin Gassama IMIS Membership Number:344029 Supervisor Name:Mr. Mike Topic Area: Records Management Project Title:Student Record Database Management System to keep track of student’s enrolment process, course, class dates and tuition fees.Introduction:This project is undertaken as a result of the Management team of Microtech Institute of Multimedia & Technology though it is necessary to develop a system that can keep track of their students enrolment processes, class start dates, courses chosen and tuition fee payment. With the above aim they should be able to have access to the information mention in real time. This will help the management to take decisions and also will make the record and finance staff work more organized.Database Management System and DataThe institution is experiencing a lot of student turn out to their various courses. Some do apply for multiple courses at the same time. Some times files are being missing, which makes it very difficult to access a particular student’s record in regarding to personal information, class start dates and tuition fee payment. Justifications: For the company: Microtech Institute of Multimedia and Technology wishes to have a student record management system to keep record of the student’s enrolment process, course, class dates and tuition feesMicrotech Institute of Multimedia and Technology is please about the system (Database application) is to develop or implement and this will give me the opportunity to choose Microsoft Access 2007 as the database back end. For the student: It will provide me with the opportunity for the first-time to design and develop a rich database management system for use by the Institute in real-time. Designing and implementation of the da tabase system will be challenging and will also provide me with what it’s like in a real production environment to design and develop such type of system for business use or purpose.Objectives: A minimum of four Objective: Activities: 1. Analyse the works and duties of the Institute admission process. Deliverables: Works with the members of staff in the admission department for few days to observers the way they carry out student enrolment as well as the finance department in tuition collection Summary of report explaining the function of the admission department. Who will use them and why: The reports will help me through the development phase of the database model and schema. Objective: Activities: Deliverables: Who will use them and why . Improve the work of the Institute admission Department. Creating of forms and queries and database model. User friendly Graphic User Interface with input, which the help the user to easily interact with the database. And input the correct data types in their respective fields. This will reduce the tendency of inputting the wrong figures. It will help the admission department to easily find and track student’s who did not complete their tuition fee, and whether if they are doing the right courses they apply for. Objective: Activities: Deliverable:Who will use them and why 3. System testing. Allowing the Institute’s admission Department staff and other members of staff as well to test the database application using dummy and live data. The data will include normal, valid and invalid data, and quantity. Come up with a ready and normal database management system ready for use. To ensure that the proposed database management application meets the user’s requirement and delivers their needs. Objective: Activities: Deliverable: Who will use them and why4. User and Technical documentation.Produce a well explain user and technical documentation. Working copies of the user and technical documentations. Co mplete signing off of the proposed project. Resources Needed for Carrying out the Project: Microsoft corporation to help me with the documentation of Microsoft Access database application license, features and technical requirement. Hardware:A personal computer (PC) or a Laptop at least Pentium 3 processor, RAM size of at least 128 MB, Hard drive size of at least 40GB, Internal or external Network Interface Card of 10/100 mbps.Software:Windows Operating System (Window XP or later), Microsoft Office Access application (ms access 2007 or later), Antivirus software, Microsoft Office picture manager, Literature sources:Microsoft TechNet website, IMIS website, wikipedia and IT journals and library resources. Risks: Type: Gathering of required information from end users, to know what they want the application to do and functions. I. e. application requirements. Action to be taken if arise:Failure in gathering sufficient information for the start of the proposed project. Type:Emerging of n ew technologies. Action to be taken if arise:With new technologies comes up that I need to learn for the successful completion of the proposed project then I might need to have extra lectures after college hours, do research on the internet, self study and professional help if possible. Type:Political risk e. g. changes of top management of the institution. Action to be taken if arise:The new management will be updated about the project, so that they can know exactly the overall development process and benefits to the institution. Investigation Plan:Steps to be taken:†¢Gathering of required materials like articles, books and published papers in student record management. †¢Search on the internet for readymade student record management system application packages on the market (Trials Versions) and review their features. This can help me through be project development phase. †¢Also journals and magazines on the use of software for student record management and how this can boost business productivity if it is automated. Books/Articles read: †¢ CADLE, J & YATES, D (2001), ‘Project Management For Information System’, Third Edition.Pearson Education. †¢ LAUDON, KC & LAUDON, JP (2004), ‘Management Information Systems-managing the digital firm’, Eighth Edition. Pearson Education. †¢ WARD, J & PEPPARD, J (2002), ‘Strategic Planning For Information Systems’, Third Edition. John Wiley & Sons. †¢ THOMAS CONNOLLY, CARLYN ‘Database systems’-A practical approach to Design, Implementation, and Management. Forth Edition. Addision Wasley. Internet sites include: †¢ http://www. google. com †¢ http://www. wikipedia. com Project Development Plan: Giant chart with milestones CHART FOR STUDENT RECORD MANAGEMENT DATABASE APPLICATION FOR MIMUT:WBS WBS DESCRIPTION START END DURATION 1 Project Management 10/08/2011 12/12/2011 22 Weeks 2 Investigations 10/08/2011 24/08/2011 2 Weeks 3Systems Requirements 17/08/2011 21/09/2011 5 Weeks 4 Design 21/09/2011 06/12/2011 11Weeks 5Implementation And Evaluation 06/10/2011 27/12/2011 3 Weeks 6 Testing 19/10/2011 27/12/2011 10 Weeks 7 Documentation 25/08/2010 12/01/2012 20 Weeks Supervisor’s Comments:Supervisors must make comments about what was discussed with the student. How would the project be tackled/completed? What problems may they anticipate? What additional training is required?Also what are the student’s weak areas, and what they have to do to overcome them? Finally is the project fit for purpose? The following are not acceptable: 1) a good project, 2) I am of the impression that it is suitable, 3) good, etc. Reasons for comments: Areas of concern: Additional support required: General guidance/comments: Letter of Agreement A letter of agreement from the employer must be attached for all projects containing work-based material. Signature of Student: Signature of Supervisor: Date of Agreement: NB Electronic signatures will be accepted.

Describe the origins of public health in the UK Essay

Public health was best described by the Yale professor Winslow in 1920 who described it as ‘the art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of community infections, the education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene, the organization of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease, and the development of the social machinery which will ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health’. Public health covers a range of areas, and is constantly having to be changed to keep up with the changing health needs of the public. (Fleming, M. and Parker, E. (2009) An introduction to Public Health Churchill Livingston Elsevier: Australia) During the Victorian Era, public health was not an issue that was dealt with by the government. There weren’t public hospitals, and only those from a wealthy background were able to access medical care. There was no such thing as vaccinations as there was very few educated on health, and many people died from diseases and infections in all classes, that now a day are easily treated. The people of this time were very uneducated about personal hygiene care and knew nothing about the spread of diseases. The people based their beliefs on their interpretations of what they saw going on around them. Due to the lack of knowledge it was believed if someone died it was because they were, for example, possessed by a daemon or they were a witch. In today’s society we have the understanding and science to allow us insight into the real reasons that people die and get unwell, we know that illness are not caused because someone is a witch. During the 19th century there was many factories built which offered jobs to many people, so many people moved from the country to be near the factories as the transport systems were so poor. This meant that there was large numbers of people living in small areas. Though when the people began work in the factories, they soon realised that all was not as good as they had hoped for. In today’s world we have a far better transport network which means people can live in less confined areas, and they can travel easily to reach their places of work. Long working hours, poor wages and bad nutrition meant that people’s health started to decline, and it was in fact the more rural living people that lived longer. People were paid such bad wages and there was no benefits system in place, so when people were unable to afford a house for them and their families they were sent to the workhouse which was a last resort, in the workhouse people never got out alive, all dying shortly after they entered due to the vast amount of sickness that was there. Children went to work in the factories as soon as they were old enough, about 8 years old, and the woman also went to work in the factories as well as caring for the sick. This meant that the death rate in woman and children was especially low. In 1833 the Factory Act was put into place. This act was to regulate the working hours of woman and children, it took a long time to be implemented but it was a step towards the regulation of working conditions. Today is it illegal for a child to work until they reach the age of 16, and woman get paid leave from their jobs when they have a baby, this has meant that children are able to go to school and get an education and grow physically and intellectually instead of going to work from they can walk. During this time there was no such thing as building controls, so the homes in which people lived were of bad conditions, they were overcrowded and did not have any sanitation such as running water or sewage facilities. A six bedroom house would have had 6 large families living in it, one family per room. This meant that people had to take turns sleeping and infection spread easily, due to lack of sanitation. In today’s society we have building control who ensure that ll homes are fit for purpose and most people have their own bedroom, rather than one family to a bedroom. The life expectancy of someone living at this time and working in one of these factories was around the age of 22. The life expectancy for tradesmen was 27, men had a higher life expectancy that woman, and the upper class had a life expectancy of 45 as they were not subjected to the reality of the slums and factories. In today’s society the life expectancy of woman is 5 to 10 years longer than it is for men. This is mainly due to the fact that woman look after their health better and are more regular users of going to the doctors than men are. Woman are also more likely to talk to their friends if they think that they have something wrong where as men are not big talkers when it comes to their health. During the Victorian Era 60’000 to 70’000 people during every decade from tuberculosis and the numbers dying from it decreased and in recent years it was thought to completely be eradicated. The health service then made the decision not to vaccinate people for the disease because there had been no numbers of death from it, but this has not been the case and people have begun to tract it again and there are people dying from it. (bbc 2011) In 2011, 8,963 cases of TB were reported in the UK. (NHS 2012) No toilet facilities or sewage system meant that people chucked their waste out to the street, not knowing the consequences that untreated waste would have on their health. The water that the waste was thrown into was the same water that vermin and other animals lived in; this water was also used by the families for cooking and drinking which meant there was a serious spread of infections. Cholera is a water born disease which claimed the lives of thousands of people living during the 19th century, the symptoms include; stomach pains, vomiting, diarrhoea and the skin turning blue. Dr John Snow, who is now a famous figure in history, was the first person to make the connection that cholera spread through the water. He was a working class man, and he went on to study the people and how they were becoming ill, and discovered how cholera was spreading, and so epidemiology began. Epidemiology is the study of the spread of diseases and it is something that is ongoing today with the many new diseases that are being found. (bbc) Cholera is a disease was thought to have been eradicated but due to the recent weather disruptions across the UK and Ireland, the government are concerned that there could be another breakout. Thousands of homes have become flooded and the sewage from these homes is running up and down the streets, this being a vast resemblance to the 19th century. Microbiologists testing water in Moorlands, Somerset, found it contains 60,000 to 70,000 bacteria per 100 milliliter. Water should contain no more than 1,000 per milliliter, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). The towns and cities were not a pleasant place to be, the streets were filthy, and the drains and sewers which ran in the streets were blocked and overflowing. Rubbish was also just threw out to the street which meant there was a lot of vermin attracted, which also carried many diseases, this caused national concern. More and more housing was being needed, so poorly built houses were erected on top of rubbish piles, this rubbish did not provide solid founds, and made the houses very dangerous for living in. The poor people could not get help, the middle class saw them as immoral as they were all living in such cramped housing. There were charities set up, such as the Peabody Trust in 1862 and The Guinness Trust in 1890 which aimed to help the people but these failed to meet the needs of the people most desperate in society. In 1866 after a fourth case of cholera killed 6000 people; the government put the first piece of legislation in place that actually made changes to the peoples lives, The Sanitary Act. This law meant that authorities had to provide fresh water, sewage and waste disposal. This law took a long time to be implemented into all houses within Britain but it meant that life expectancy was slowly on the rise. All of the towns had to have a Sanitary Inspectors and the Home Secretary was empowered to take proceedings for the removal of nuisances where local authorities failed to act. Today all homes in Britain benefit from the Sanitary Act as they have running water and sewage facilities, and also a better knowledge on personal hygiene. By the end of the Victorian Era, treatment of illness started to become more advanced and surgery became more effective as there was a better knowledge. Moving into the 20th century there was still many of the problems which existed during the 19th century. These on-going problems included housing and slums, poverty, lack of hospitals, nutritional issues, and the same sanitation problems. One piece of legislation that ensured a better quality of life for the people was the House of the Working Class Act, this began the building of council houses, a development which is still being used in present day, especially sue to the recessionary times that we are currently in and the increasing amounts of people that are becoming homeless due to reduced jobs and opportunities. In today’s society we still have problems with many of these issues. In the recent economic climate and the recession, people have become unemployed and living has started to back track to these times, a lot of people have not been able to keep up repayments on their mortgages and homelessness has become a booming issue. This homelessness has meant that there has been a small rise in the numbers of council houses being built. Another problem which is still ongoing in today’s society is peoples nutrition. In the 19th and 20th centuries people suffered from bad nutrition as they did not know about vitamins and nutrients and people were badly malnourished and underweight which added to many health problems such as rickets, and in today’s society we still have nutritional problems. Fast food and fatty foods are so easily accessible and people find them to be handier than cooking nutritious meals and so people are becoming increasingly overweight and many suffer from obesity. According to the World Health Organisation, in 2008 there was 1. 4 billion adults over 20 who were classified as obese and in 2011 there was over 40 million children suffering from obesity also. (WHO 2013) Free school meals for children were also introduced in 1906; these free meals are still available to some children today. They ensure that the children are getting the proper nutrients and vitamins that is necessary to encourage growth and to also help them concentrate and learn. The health and wellbeing of children was one of the main aspects of public health that the Ministry of Health were trying to protect, and in 1907 a school nurse was assigned to all schools, and her main role to begin with was to check the children’s heads for nits. The role of the school nurse then developed to carry out examinations on all aspects of the children’s health, growth and development. In 1911 National Insurance was first introduced. This new system meant that working people had a small amount taken out of their wages which was put into the health care system, and if the worker was to fall ill then they would be able to avail of free health care, this was only for the worker though and not their spouse or children. (bbc) The First World War was one of the key events in the 20th century that highlighted the poor health of people living in Britain. The war put in place a need for an army of healthy young men as recruits, but this proved hard. The recruits were sent to war malnourished, meaning that they did not last long, and if they suffered an injury they were not strong enough to live. As no one knew how long the war was going to last there was a concentration on the health of pregnant woman and young men’s, as these would be the military of the future if the war was to continue. There were not many hospitals available for the people who needed them and it was only the wealthy that had access to them, as there no health care service like we have today, and the people had to pay for their medical care. The military were starting to come back from the war so there was an expansion in the number of hospitals being built as the conditions were still very poor in Britain, but these were solely for the use of the military soldiers. The Prime Minister at the time, Lloyd George promised a ‘home fit for heroes’ in 1918 and so the government set out the building of half a million homes by 1933. (bbc) A year later in 1919 the Ministry of Health was set up to look after the sanitation, health care and disease as well as the training of doctors, nurses, midwives and dentists. Dental care at the time was a huge issue, due to the malnourishment, people’s teeth were very poor and dental care did not really exist especially for the poorer people in society. Malnutrition continued to be a huge public health concern up until the Second World War with the introduction of rationing. This was a huge change to people’s lives and was implemented by the Ministry of Food in 1940. Rationing meant that each person could only buy a fixed amount of certain foods each week, and you had to hand over coupons from the family’s ration book. This reason behind rationing was because most of the food consumed in the UK and Ireland were imported from other countries, and this war proved to cause problems to this happening. During this war planes were used to drop bombs on ships and quite often the ships importing the fresh foods were bombed and the food destroyed, so this new rationing idea meant that everyone was able to gain access to the same amounts of fresh foods. Rationing is a concept that is still widely used today throughout the world by the army soldiers. The use of planes to drop bombs also caused a lot of destruction to people’s homes, many of them being destroyed, sometimes whole towns or cities were destroyed. During these troubling times people were expecting for their homes to be bombed so the government put in place a scheme for the children to be sent to the country where it would be safer for them. This was organised through ‘billeting officers’ and the children’s new homes were called ‘billets’. The children went to school and lived together until the war was over. The destruction, as bad as it was, gave the cities the opportunities to rebuild their homes to a better standard. In 1941 the British government commissioned a report into the ways that Britain should be rebuilt. William Beveridge, the director of the London School of Economics, was put in charge of the rebuilding. His report which was published in 1942 identified that there were five giant evils which would have to be overcome, these included; squalor, ignorance, want, idleness and disease. The Beveridge report has since formed much of the social legislation that we use today. Beveridge wanted to create a ‘cradle to grave’ health care system. The working people and the employers would still pay national insurance and for the service to be sustained more jobs would have to be created. In 1948 the NHS which we still have to this day was established. The NHS was an ambitious plan to bring healthcare to all people regardless of their social class or wealth or gender, and the healthcare would be free at the point of delivery. This was the first time that doctors, nurses, pharmacists, opticians and dentists would all work together. (NHS 2012) The 20th and 21st centuries saw a huge decline in the number of infectious diseases mortalities, and an increased life expectancy. One of the main reasons for this was the discovery of antibiotics in 1929, and the use of these in the 1940’s showed their true potential. Immunizations also came into practice and people had a better understanding of foods, and what foods improved health all contributing factors to people having better health. The NHS is still working to improve the health of its service users and it is working with many researching companies to find cures for the new diseases  that are developing. Although it is a great concept which has been active for over 60 years, the NHS is under a lot of stain and financial pressure. Due to the economic downturn there is less people working and so there is less national insurance being paid so there the NHS has less funding to provide the outstanding services that it does to the UK for free. The doctors and nurses are under almost intolerable pressure, and this is due to cuts in hospital beds, growing admissions and staff shortages. On 24th February, the Royal Victoria Hospital in Belfast became under so much pressure in its emergency department that extra staff had to be called in to deal with the escalating number of people seeking treatment, at one point there was more than 100 people waiting. This does not conquer the goals that the NHS had initially set out to achieve in 1948.

Ethics Governing Cyber Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ethics Governing Cyber Laws - Essay Example As more and more people were allowed to use the networks problems arose. Before computers became more mainstream they were the domain of the computer "geeks" who used them for entertainment. They used them to play complex games and often wrote the programs for the computers they used. Many of these computer users found it challenging to "hack" into available networks such as military and university sites. This is considered "gaining unauthorized access to a computer system" (Oxford Dictionary of Law, 2006). These sites put up the first "firewalls" to prevent, or limit, access. To this day websites are often the victim of hackers trying to do as much damage as possible. As computer usage became more and more mainstream computer networks grew. Usage became more user-friendly. The internet became a major vehicle for sharing knowledge, communicating, and entertaining its users. Today students spend a good portion of their days on the internet researching and learning. Many have completed college in online classrooms. As the use of the internet grew it became an asset to many users and organizations. Communication between users became easier and easier. The internet has become a communication tool, educational tool, and a requirement for many jobs. Employers often require entry level workers to have computer related training. Using such tools as Word, Excel, and Access are considered entry level skills that are taught at the high school level. Older workers are required to learn these skills on their own to keep up with the technological changes at their workplace. With all the good the internet brings it also is an avenue for modern criminals to take advantage of others. The problem with the internet is that it is hard to legislate and enforce laws having to do with internet usage and it is hard to tell where to draw the line when it comes to what is okay and what is not. Many computer users exploit this grey area and get all they can out of the internet. It is this grey area that will be the focus of this paper. Ethical Behavior Ethical behavior is defined as "relating to moral principals"(Concise Oxford English Dictionary, 2006). Ethical behavior consists of conducting yourself according to principals of right and wrong. It is the basic principal of what an individual considers right, or good behavior, and wrong behavior. These moral standards vary from one culture to another and are often not mandated. Ethical behavior consists of "fair and honest behavior" (Concise Oxford English Dictionary, 2006). Those most vulnerable to the temptation of cyber ethics violations are teenagers and young adults who are still developing their ethics. There are many behaviors this group will try out to see how much they can get away with. Many attempt to download music and videos that are copyrighted. Many others have moved on to riskier behaviors such as identity theft and falsifying log on details to access pornography sites. Because ethical behavior varies from one culture to another it is hard to legislate this behavior as wrong or right. What one person might never do another may find permissible. Copying information from the internet directly into an academic paper may be considered okay by some and plagiarism by others. And, who draws the

The Tacoma Narrows Suspension Bridge Case Study

The Tacoma Narrows Suspension Bridge - Case Study Example The design also integrated piers along the bridge’s span for support. Additionally, incorporated in the design were several checking cables, as well as, devices proposed to be installed along the bridge’s spans to hold the deck down, preventing it from turning in the wind. Evident from the planning phase, the Authority and suspension bridge specialist, Moisseiff had the sole intention of constructing an affordable and safe bridge to benefit residents of Kitsap and Tacoma. However, the phase was not without flaws and ethical missteps. First, the authority turned down a bridge design previously proven safe, for a narrow suspension bridge design, never constructed before just because it was cheaper. The other design flaw was failure to take into account the actual wind force to which the bridge would be exposed. Additionally, during the planning phase, emphasis was placed on the structural components of the bridge. Of particular interest were the recommended open girders, which were later replaced with solid ones by the local building engineer during design execution. The plan was also flawed in regard to location selection for the bridge construction. The Tacoma Narrows; topography is highly susceptible to winds of high intensity, making it an unsuitable location to put up a suspension bridge (Pinto 221). Question #2 Qualitative risk matrix Likelihood Insignificant 1 Minor 2 Moderate 3 Major 4 Catastrophic 5 A(Almost Certain) M H H E E B(Likely) M M H H E C(Possible) L M M H E D(Unlikely) L M M M H E(Rare) L L M M M Level of Risk: (E)-Extreme Risk (H)-High Risk (m)-Moderate Risk (L)-Low Risk According to the chart above, the level of risk, rather obvious for the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, was high. This is because, the level of risk posed by the bridge necessitated formulation of a detailed action of plan on the way forward, in dealing with the issues arising when the bridge was still under construction. For instance, during construction the attaching t ie-down cables snapped and proved to be ineffective. The bridge was also swayed by the wind presenting critical danger, an aspect attributable to its light weight and its narrow nature. Therefore, the level of risk was undoubtedly high, even though it could not be termed as catastrophic at this early stage. However as time progressed there were indications that the bridge would collapse. This notion rose from the increased number of risk factors that were identifiable on the bridge. For instance, slight winds would make the bridge sway to great levels and even cause wave like oscillations, posing great danger to motorists. This was because; instead of the bridge allowing wind to pass, it was acting like a kite, trapping moving air with its flat sides. Another risk factor warranting the classification of TNB as a high risk structure was, the topography of the Tacoma Narrows which made the bridge weaker, since it lay directly across the path of the wind, thus exposing it to maximum im pact. The engineers also changed some of the recommended design elements thus increasing the structure’s probability of collapsing. All these were major factors that heightened the TNB’s risk level. Even though it was hard for individuals to notice all the risk aspects when the bridge was being built, the engineers should have identified the risk in the design, sighting of the bridge or

Rocky (1976) - 5 Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rocky (1976) - 5 Question - Essay Example Identify aspects of sound in your selected film. Discuss them in terms of how they affected your viewing experience; in other words, did the art of sound effects add value to your experience? If so, how? If not, why not? Literal sound is mostly used in the picture in order to recreate realistic scenery of the events and capture Philadelphia area. For instance, Rocky`s shy visiting of the zoo store where Adrian works is adorned with birds twittering which creates romantic atmosphere. It helped to understand Rocky`s sensitive and irrational side. Identify the type of music in your selected film. Discuss them in terms of how it affected your viewing experience; in other words, did the score or songs add value to your experience? If so, how? If not, why not? Rocky`s ability to be tough and determined on the boxing ring and tender in relationship is captured in the soundtrack. When it is needed the hero along with the sound becomes strong and aggressive but in intimate moments delicate music shows his loving nature. The main song â€Å"Gonna fly now† underlines Rocky`s struggle for life and for victory. Identify the types of editing in your selected film. Discuss them in terms of how it affected your viewing experience; in other words, did the different types of shots and framing add value to your experience? If so, how? If not, why not? The montage of the film concentrates on shots which show Rocky`s gradual transformation. Some shots (as jogging near the sea port) are excessively long and acquire symbolic meaning. Moreover, quick-cutting montage is balanced with long and picturesque scenes. â€Å"Rocky`s† editing has determined some meditative pace along with logical ad coherent structure. You have engaged your critical thinking skills by becoming aware of and assessing various elements of film. How do these exercises connect the study of film to real-world experience? Additionally, in what other ways do films have cultural value? Explain

Na Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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EO Wilson The process of evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

EO Wilson The process of evolution - Essay Example The fall of one set of species, such as dinosaurs later gives a rise to another set of species (Archibald 46). Yes, Wilson’s statement on loss of genetic and species diversity is true. As Wilson states, the actions brought about by human beings throughout the history seem to always result to the extinction of certain species. The whole process of life or existence is necessary for preservation of species (Wilson 121). It is also evident that the diversity of genetics and species is a biological necessity (Roberts 31). Species and genetic diversity is extremely important for the survival of all species. For example, if human beings lost their genetic diversity, such as the loss of the Y chromosome, only women would exist in the world. Of course, without a diverse population of men and women, having a future population would be uncertain. It is also apparent today, that genetic diversity in different people has enabled the human race to ward off certain diseases, particularly viruses. As Robert indicates in page 31 her book, a non-fatal change to a human reproductive cell is likely to r esult to the change being passed to other generations. Therefore, the loss of such diversity means that no one would be immune to any virus because a generation in the past is not able to pass the immunity to future

Wk 3 Several areas where trafficking has continued to flourish Essay

Wk 3 Several areas where trafficking has continued to flourish - Essay Example rengthened the All-China Women’s Federation to work in partnership with the International Labor Organization [ILO] to sustain the anti-trafficking awareness and prevention campaigns. The success of this move by the Beijing Administration is exemplified by the fact that three million people were reached (Yik-yi Chu, 40-42). Nigeria has also concerted a lot of effort to carry out awareness and educational campaigns through an array of awareness programs, by liaising with NGOs such as Action-Aid International Nigeria, Access to Education for Children, Alliances for Africa and The African Project Foundation. However, like its counterpart China, Nigeria has realized stunted success in this quest. This is partly because the awareness programs have failed to specifically target specific populations that are most vulnerable. To effectively fight human trafficking in China, it is important that the Beijing Administration empowers rural areas where poverty is more profound, yet poverty goes hand-in-hand with human trafficking. The government also needs to make legislation that clearly defines human trafficking and prescribes the legal penalty that an offender should serve. Nigeria needs to also make legislation which clearly defines human trafficking and the legal penalty that should accompany it. It is also expedient that Nigeria: fights at eradicating its poverty levels; strengthens its institutions [especially Nigeria’s criminal justice system]; and reconsiders its anti-trafficking awareness and educational campaigns so as to reach proper target

Service Sector Mraketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Service Sector Mraketing - Essay Example A company who is in the business of services must consider the four elements of service characteristics when they are designing their marketing strategy of their service. Those elements are as follows: - 1. Service Intangibility: service intangibility means that services which cannot be seen, touched or smelled before they are purchased for example: train passengers when they buy a ticket before travelling or when people book a room in a hotel in advance etc. 2. Service Variability: service variability means the quality of the service. The quality of the service depends on the person who is going to give it, and when he/she is going to give it and where and how. 3. Service Inseparability: in service inseparability a service cannot be separated from the person who is providing it. In service inseparability both the customer who is getting the service and the person who is providing the service affect the result of the service. The best example for service inseparability is a doctor conducting an examination of a patient. 4. Service Perishability: in service perish-ability a service cannot be kept for later use or sale. ... These were the four basic elements or characteristics that have to be kept in mind when a company or an organization is conducting marketing of a service. Now let's look into a hotel business that provides different kinds of services to its customers. Hotel Services A hotel can be defined as a place where people come to stay for a short period of time and have to pay for their rooms, meals and other kinds of services which a hotel provides like a spa or maid service or for laundry or sport facilities etc. People who would like to stay in a hotel have to get their room reserved in advance. A hotel business solely exits to provide comfort and satisfaction for its customers. It not only fulfils the needs of a customer but actually anticipates and provides the need even before it is asked. The success of a hotel depends on its location that where it is located, inside the city or on the outskirts of the city, is it near a beach or on top of a mountain etc. and it should be easy to find for the tourists. Another thing that makes the hotel business a success would be the number of rooms it has. And let's not forget the main thing that makes it a real success is the way the hotel employees behave towards the hotel's customers. The staffs of the hotel have to be extremely friendly to all kinds of people who are staying or visiting the hotel because the needs of a customer always come first. And also because the staffs of the hotel is always in contact with the people who are staying there and those people usually judge or make an opinion about the place on the impressions of the staff or on the reception they get when they are staying there.

Preference Share and Convertible Note Essay Example for Free

Preference Share and Convertible Note Essay The issue to be considered here is if the legal form of a preference share or a convertible note is paramount or more important than all other things? I do believe this statement is not appropriate and the substance of a preference share or a convertible note is more important than the legal form. Body From the perspective of users, the disclosure in financial statements is the most vital approach to provide information about the financial position, performance and changes in financial position of the reporting entity. As the equity and the liability always lead to different effects to the reporting entity, so the disclosure of the equity and the liability could lead to users’ different decisions. Therefore, when classifying the equity and the liability, the reporting entity should adhere to the principle of substance over form in AASB Framework para. 35. Based on the above statement, some analysis of this case are as follow: 1. As shown in AASB 132 para. AG25, preference shares, which are redeemable on a specific date or at the option of the holder, should be classified as liabilities rather than equity, and the reason is that the issuer has an obligation to transfer assets to the holder of the preference shares; however, preference shares, which are redeemable at the option of the issuer, should be classified as equity rather than liabilities, since there has no obligations for the issuer to transfer assets to the shareholder. AASB 132 para. AG25 and AG26 also outline that, the classification for non- redeemable preference shares is based on the substance of the arrangement or the rights attach to the shares, rather than the legal form. 2. As shown in Framework, the convertible notes would be classified as equity if conversion to equity is the probable outcome, while the convertible notes would be classified as liabilities if redemption at maturity is the probable outcome. Or as shown in AASB 132 para. 29, convertible notes should be classified separately based on two components: liabilities, since convertible notes are contractual arrangements to deliver cash or another financial asset; and equity, since convertible notes are call options granting the holder the right, for a specified period of time, to convert it into a fixed number of ordinary shares of the entity. In addition, AASB 132 para. AG32 illustrate  that n conversion of a convertible instrument at maturity, the entity derecognizes the liability component and recognizes it as equity, and the original equity component remains as equity. Conclusion Base on the above analysis, I do believe that this statement in this is not appropriate. Since when classified a preference share or a convertible note, according to AASB Framework and AASB standards, the substance over form.

The Islamic Concept Of Charity Religion Essay

The Islamic Concept Of Charity Religion Essay Charity in Islam has been a central focus of the society. It has different forms (zakat and sadqah) which differ from each other. The charity in Islam gives an impression of the purification and worship of God. It is also perceived as good deed and benevolence in the Islamic theology. Islamic charity gives a notion of the welfare of the humanity. The crux of the charity is to form a moral economy which regulates the behaviour of Muslims. The moral economy is based on the fairness, sense of responsibility and purity in worship and welfare of the people. 1. Introduction The contemporary debate of the charity has been long in the literature (Melvin 2009, Ferrari and Khan 2010, Shirazi 1996, Scott 1987 and Waldron 1986). Specifically, the religious zeal and zest revolves around the notion of charity (Iwobi 2009). Islamic concept of charity is not exception for that debate (Scott 1987). It emphasizes on the moral values and the contribution to the neglected segment o f the society. However, Islamic concept of charity has never been debated in the light of the notion of moral economy. This paper is intended to give a comparative view about the different notions of the Islamic charity (zakat and sadqah). The concept of charity, in general, is not new because every religion of the world preached that charity. However, the focus of this paper is to highlight the forms of charity in Islam, their differences and their impact on the multiculturalism and the formation of the moral economy. The definition of charity in Islamic tradition differs somewhat from its interpretation in different contexts. However, its aim and goals remain the same. The Quran states: And be steadfast in your prayer and pay charity; whatever good you send forth for your future, you shall find it with Allah, for Allah is well aware of what you do . Similarly, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said: No wealth (of a servant of Allah) is decreased because of charity. Charity is the fifth pillar of Islam and its reward will be given in the after world. The Quran declare the five basic concept of the zakat. These concepts included: infaq (spending benevolently), Ihsan (kindness), zakah (purification), sadqah (charitable deed) and Khayrat (good deeds). However, Islam does not force anyone to give charity. It is obligatory in the form of zakat and voluntary in the shape of sadqah (charity). 2. Basic concepts of charity in Islam Islamic charity has two basic concepts: zakat and sadaqah. 2.1 Zakat (alms giving) The zakat extracted from the word zaka to be pure that denotes purification. Quran highlights to the purification of wealth and states: Of their wealth take alms to purify and sanctify them. Zakat is an obligation on a Muslim. It is moral duty of a Muslim to pay Zakat at the rate of 2.5% per year. A Muslim cannot deny the ZakatI. Quran lists recipients of Zakat which includes: Zakat is for the poor and the needy and those who are employed to administer and collect it, and for those whose hearts are to be won over, and for the freeing of human beings from bondage, and for those who are overburdened with debts and for every struggle in Gods cause, and for the wayfarers: this is a duty ordained by God, and God is the All-Knowing, the Wise. (Al-Quran 9:60). 2.2 Sadaqah (Charity) The word Sadaqah is derived from the Arabic root verb sadaqah which means to be truthful and hence Sadaqah implies engaging in any righteous act in order to earn the mardat (pleasure) of Allah. The sadaqah has certain principals which a Muslim must follow. One, Sadaqah is given on the name of God. Second, the money or the donation should be from the legal sources. Islamic discourages the illegitimate (stolen or unethically gained) money or resources. Third, surplus money (beyond the need of a person) is the money of God and Muslims are custodian of it. They should spend and return the money to the needy, poor and spend on the ways of God. Quran outlines the charity: Those who (in charity) spend of their goods by night and by day, in secret and in public, have their reward with their Lord: on them shall be no fear, nor shall they grieve. (Al-Baqarah 2:274). It further highlights: And spend something (in charity) out of the substance which We have bestowed on you, before Death should come to any of you and he should say, O my Lord! Why didst Thou not give me respite for a little while? I should then have given (largely) in charity, and I should have been one of the doers of good. But to no soul will Allah grant respite when the time appointed (for it) has come; and Allah is well acquainted with (all) that ye do. (Al-Munafiqun 63: 10-11). Further Quran states: And they feed, for the love of Allah, the indigent, the orphan, and the captive. We feed you for the sake of Allah alone: no reward do we desire from you, nor thanks. (Al Insà ¢n 76:8-9). In another statement, the Quran states: For those who give in Charity, men and women, and loan to Allah a Beautiful Loan, it shall be increased manifold (to their credit), and they shall have (besides) a liberal reward. (Al Hadà ®d 57:18). Sadaqah is important for a number of purses. It reduces the sins and increases the virtue of a Muslim. It also compensate for shortcoming in any past payment of Zakah. For instance, if a person forgets to pay zakat in the past or was guilty to pay the zakat, the sadaqah reduces the burden of the past. Sadqah, give a sense of protection not only the giver but also to the receiver of falling victim of calamities. God pleasure is received through the sadqah. It gives pleasure to the giver of the charity to the others. A person feels his obligation to the betterment of the humanity. 3. Difference between Zakat and Sadaqah Zakat and Sadaqah are two different kinds of charities in Islamic ideology. Zakat is the obligatory annual almsgiving which is determined on the basis of the value of ones wealth. It is 2.5% as per Islamic traditions. Accroding to some of the Islamic jurists, zakat must be collected from the Muslims. It is mandatory and has strict zeal to pay the zakat. Zakat is the responsibility of the person who owns wealth. It cannot be transferred to the second person. It is liable on the individual. However, the sadaqah is charity that is given beside the Zakat contribution over the surplus wealth. It is volunteer act and without any percentage. Sadqah is not specified as only monetary terms (feeding the poor and the needy), but also given support to the orphans, widows in the form of advising or counseling. It also includes the volunteer activities for the befit of the community at larger: teaching to the poor, giving sense of good faith and advising them to excel on the right path, the path of God. Some of the Islamic jusrits beleieved that to form charity organization, construct educational institutions (mosque, school, college, universities) and construction of well (to supply water to the common man) are the different forms of sadaqah. It can be given on the name of any relative (parents or children). 4. Comparative view of charity: Development of moral economy Islamic notion of charity (in its different forms) generates a moral economy. This is the economy which is based on the good faith and welfare of the humanity. In line with Bollig (1998) and Thompsons (1971, 1993) notion of moral economy. Islamic charity gives the following notion of charity. 4.1 Islamic charity: Moral injection Benthall (1999) highlights the Quranic injection to charity. Accroding to Benthall the Islamic system of almsgiving (zakat) is more organized than other societies. For him, the ZakatI is closely associated with the prayers and the worship of God, therefore, the Muslim are morally obliged to pay the Zakat to the poor, to the needy as per Islamic conception. He argued that Zakat can be distributed in poor, needy, orphans, widows, divorcees, prisoners and their families, unemployed and homeless people, students, those who dont afford to marry, disaster victims, and those in need of free medicine or dignified funerals (Benthall 1999:31). 4.2 Zakat: Powerful instrument to poverty eradication Zakat which literally means growth, extension and purification is a premium on all forms of accumulated productive wealth and on a variety of agriculture produce. It is calculated at various rate according to the nature of the asset or product, and is due to the needy of the Muslim community. It is one of the basic tenets of Islam and besides being an obligatory act of worship, it is a system through which a Muslim society can eradicate poverty and inequalities (Mohammad 1991:1119). Islamic Zakat system in Pakistan is the source to eradicate poverty in the country (Ibid). Zakat system is well organized system for the development of country but it can be more organized for poverty eradication and for the maintenance of society (Mohammad 1991). 5.3 Charity: Road towards the social justice According to Bremer (2004:1) the development of any society local resources are necessary. Historically, Islamic societies developed a range of charitable institutions to fulfill these mandates include zakat boards, auwkaf, and diverse local structures reflecting the richness of Islamic culture from Dakar to Davao (Ibid). For her, A strong civil society is now widely recognized as an important pillar supporting democratic society (Bremer 2004:2). With the help and struggle of civil society it is possible that a democratic society can be established. Only the help of foreign donor and government is not enough for development. If government or foreign donors will help the society the civil society will lose their interest for the development. For her, in recent years USAID has funded the creation of an NGO service center that provides technical assistance and training to civil society organizations, and has granted financial support directly to NGOs ranging from business associations to community development groups (Bremer 2004:3). Government, foreign donor and for free services do not provide an adequate base for a vibrant civil society. This aid is for short term. This aid is not compatible with the long term independence (Bremer 2004). 4.4 Charity: Funding for free education According to Blanchard (2007) religious school work as a charity organization in Muslim countries. They are source of providing education to the vulnerable groups. Madrasas offer a free education, room, and board to their students, and thus they appeal to impoverished families and individuals. On the whole these religious schools are supported by private donations from Muslim believers through a process of alms-giving known in Arabic as zakat. The practice of zakatone of the five pillars of the Islamic faithprescribed that a fixed proportion of ones income be given to specified charitable causes, and traditionally a portion of zakat has endowed religious education (2007:4). Blanchard (2007) provides information that in Pakistan Madrasas are being observed by the government regarding their finance sources after 9/11 attack in the United States. All foreign students in madrasas were required to expel from madrasa if they did not obtain permission to remain in Pakistan from their home governments in 2005. Madrasas are registered in Pakistan and their financial assistance is observed by the government since August 2006. (Blanchard 2007:5). Zakat and usher contributed to the income of the people of 2.7% in a household of Pakistan (Shirazi 1996). The survey was conducted in 1990/91 of the household Integrated Economic Survey and findings revealed that the Zakat and usher were the significant to contribute the lives of the people. According to the survey, 39000 zakat committees were working with 250 thousand volunteers (Shirazi 1996:166). The zakat contribution on 1981/1982 from 845.85 million Pakistani rupees to 4655.9 million in 1993/94 (Shirazi 1996:170). The money were spend to Substance allowance (708.622 million), rehabilitation (245.669 million) Pakistani rupees and 1738234 people benefited from the zakat contribution (Shirazi 1996:185). However, the latest figures on the issue are not available. 5. Why Muslim countries depend upon the foreign aid? There is wide spread opportunity to get resources in order to feed the marginalized segment of the society, as per the notion of Islamic charity, then why the Muslim countries are dependent upon foreign aid? In fact, there are two major reasons of the dependency of the Muslim societies on the foreign aid. 5.1 Collapse of the charity institution: Change to moral values Muslim countries depend upon the foreign aid because they were unable to maintain their institutions. Such institutions were collapsed during the colonization or soon after. In the eyes of the colonial masters, the Muslim charity institutions were the symbol of Muslim legacy and a risen of the rise of the Muslim powers, therefore, it was necessary to abolish them. They developed the institution of welfare instead the zakat institution (Bremer 2004). However, this welfare institution developed by the colonial powers was perceived as not ones own. It was considered as a symbol to get money, but without any legacy (Bremer 2004). It was just perceived as the symbol of the colony. People wanted to get benefited from the social welfare but not were ready to pay back. Therefore, it was not much institutionalized as the Zakat was spread during the Muslim era in the Middle East and in the Muslim countries. 5.2 Collapse of morality: Change to develop a new morality based on materialism Islam appreciates the giving hands (charity giver) and discourages the charity recipients. According to Islam, giving hand is better than receiving hand. However, current scenario does not reflect the basic ideology of the charity of Islam. Despite of the fact that zakat remain as an institution among the Muslim societies at individual level. However, it was not developed up to the level after the colonial era. It was perceived that state is in the hands of someone else and there was not any institutionalized method of the zakat collection and distribution. This collapsed the real notion of the moral economy among the Muslim societies. In Islamic morality, there are two sets of rights and obligation of a Muslim: the rights to worship God and the right to serve the humanity. In Islamic theology, the right of God may be put aside by the God, if He wants. However, the right to serve humanity cannot be neglected until unless the fellow human beings do not forgive it. It is exclusive the people who have to forgive their rights to the fellow Muslims. So the Islamic moral values exclusive emphasize on this value. However, the collapse of the Islamic morality is dominated. It does contradict on the basic philosophy of the Islam that spends everything to the humanity which is surplus for a person. However, the materialism and greed for wealth is dominant in the current culture of the Muslim societies. It is depicted in the life style and in the emerging value system. Consequently, it is affecting the basic notion of the Islamic charity. 7. Conclusion Islamic concept of charity is much associated with the Muslim societies or Muslim association. It forms a moral economy and moral value system (give charity and worship to God) which strengthen the notion of close social networking of the Muslims. However, it does not neglect the humanity at large. It gives a due share to provide the help to the people of the world. The charity is given to the needy, poor, scholars, charity organizations and welfare of the world society at large. However, criticism to retain the Muslim charity among Muslim is not exclusive from the debate of the charity. Dominant point of view is in favour of the humanity rather than the welfare of the any specific community. Islamic charity begins from the Individual level. It creates the space for the state. However, it does not exclusive involve the state to regulate the charity. The charity in Islam is equally important to the worship of God. Islam emphasize the worship of God (right to obey God) and the service for the humanity (the rights of the people). It is the right of the people.

Marketing Essay example -- GCSE Business Marketing BTEC Coursework

Marketing According to the American Heritage Dictionary, marketing is defined is the act or process of buying and selling in a market, but what are some of the strategies that successful corporations use to gain an advantage over their competition? Successful companies invest up front to develop an advertising and promotions plan, which clearly outlines the goals and strategies of the organization. Once the plan is in place and ready to implement, identification of target markets must be determined. Successful companies also pay close attention to the competition and use failures and successes to their advantage. An advertising and promotions plan will include such items as identifying target markets, creating messages to the market and what avenues will be used to communicate the message. The plan should also identify how successes are measured through the use of a quantifiable list that tracks whether or not the tasks are accomplishing the goals. One of the most valuable factors of successful marketing is to know your target market. If Anheuser-Busch, one of the most recognized trademarks in the world, targeted customers under the legal drinking age of 21 years, chances are they would not be a world leader. The most effective way to find out about the targeted market is through basic market research. How will they perceive the offered product or service? The best way to find out what they want is to ask them. Send out surveys and offer incentives f...

Moral Realism :: Judgment Fact Moral Ethics Essays

Moral Realism In this paper, I examine the connection between judgments of fact and moral judgments in an attempt to discern whether moral judgments are simply a subset of judgments of fact. I will look mostly at an argument posed by many moral realists that takes moral facts to be â€Å"supervenient natural facts which are independent of our theorizing about them†1 and in which moral judgments are determined by objective facts which relate to human flourishing or pleasure and pain. I will also, though, take a look at the fact/value gap and determine the effect on the connection between moral judgments and judgments of fact of an attempt to close this gap. In the article â€Å"Moral Realism and Moral Judgments†, Frederik Kaufman argues that judgments of fact display a certain degree of conceptual sensitivity to error which is not present in moral judgments. He concludes from this that moral judgments cannot be a subset of judgments of fact. In setting up his argument, Kaufman claims that for the most part we form judgments of fact in virtue of natural facts being a certain way, entailing that correct judgments are causal consequences of natural facts.2 Under this conception, moral judgments, if they are indeed a subset of judgments of fact, must also be causal consequences of natural facts3. This conception also gains for the moral realist the idea that moral knowledge is possible, for if there is a causal connection, then the moral judgments gained are gained because of certain natural facts. The next question necessarily revolves around the delivery mechanism. Moral realists must argue that moral judgments have at least an initial plausibility, for if grave errors are made in either the causal connection or the delivery mechanism, it would not seem that there would be a valid reason for believing that any of the moral judgments we make are judgments of fact. As David Brink argues, â€Å"the degree of credibility of considered moral beliefs probably corresponds more closely with the credibility of these [credible theoretical beliefs] Ãâ€" All I claim is that considered moral beliefs have initial credibility.†4 Taking this to be true, Kaufman argues that there is every reason to believe that on the whole our moral judgments will tend to be true. Furthermore, when we take the moral realist’s argument that morality has a deep connection with human flourishing, there are evolutionary reasons, Kaufman believes, for believing that there is a connection between moral judgments and actions that for the most part promote our well being.

Crime And Punishment :: essays research papers

Crime and Punishment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ever since the beginning of modern society, crime and punishment have been linked together. Depend on the seriousness of the crime, those who break the laws are punished accordingly. As the amount of homicide increased in the passed several years, people are demanding tougher punishments for more murder. Among them, the most supported one was the reapplying of execution as a mean of punishment. This notion could help decrease the number of killing, however it also raised many concerns. In order for execution to be reinstated as a punishment for murder, questions such as the morality of executing criminals and the possibility of killing a innocence person must be answered.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One concern of executing murderers is the morality of the act. First of all, killing of any kind is wrong. As outlined by laws and guaranteed by the Canada Charter of Human Right, every human is entitle to live. And under no circumstances do anyone else have the right to someone else live away. Extinguishing the life of the murderer is equivalent to murderers killing their victim. If it is illegal for murderers kill, how is it possible for government to be justify to end the lives of the murderers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another concern of executing murderers is the possibility of killing an innocence person. With our improving technology, what we now believe is beyond reasonable doubt might a verdict filled with errors in the future. One very good example of this is the recent acquitting of a man jailed for raped and the murder of a girl. If he was executed at the time, he would of never had the chance to prove his innocence with the D.N.A. tests. He as an innocence man would have been killed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Legalizing execution for the punishing of murderers is a very important decision for Canadians to make. The result of the decision will decide of

Lincoln Electric Student Example

The way a company organizes and manages its workforce has increasingly become a source of competitive advantage Summers, 1 994), and for Lincoln it is no different. Lincoln Electrics competitive advantage is their most positive aspect revealed in the assigned case study that is embodied through its rewards system and human resource management techniques, along with quality management techniques Of value innovation and continual cost reductions to make Lincoln so successful, even through hard economic times. Competitive advantage has contain ally shifted over time.What is an advantage today may not be tomorrow; however, it seems that in the assigned case study that Lincoln Electric has created a system that makes the intention nearly irrelevant (Prefer, Whatnot, & Essentialness, 1995). Competing in an industry that is highly price-competitive and where price variations on standard items amounts to only one to two percent it immediately creates a realization that to sustain continual h igh performance, Lincoln Electric must have a business model built on creating a continual competitive advantage (Lincoln Electric, 1994).A competitive advantage is formed when a firm can add value through a strategy that isn't being simultaneously implemented by a competitor or is able to do so where another firm has failed to duplicate the benefits of such strategy Assonance's, 2008). The human resource techniques used at Lincoln Electric are a major key to its success and are what has helped drive Lincoln Electrics ability to gain a competitive advantage and continual high performance.It is suggested that there are sixteen different elements that help a company achieve a competitive advantage through its people to include: incentive pay, high wages, employment security, selectivity in recruiting, employee ownership, information sharing, participation and empowerment, promotion from within, training and skill development, symbolic egalitarianism, wage compression, names and job re design, cross-utilization and cross-training, long-term perspective, measurement of the practices, and overarching philosophy (Summers, 1994).From the assigned case study on Lincoln Electric, nearly every one of these techniques is being utilized, especially incentive pay, high and cross-utilization/ cross-training. One of the basic functions of Lincoln Electrics management system is a incentive-based compensation for employees (Houses, 1995). The incentive system is a key driver/ element used at Lincoln Electric that drives the employee's high productivity (Brown, 1992).In the case study, it is revealed hat Lincoln incentive pay system utilizes four elements that are suggested to be vital to success: it eliminates raises based upon seniority or cost-of- living, places everyone on some form of incentive pay, gradually increases the pay percentage, and it utilizes quality and customer satisfaction (Brown, 1992). The incentive system at Lincoln Electric rates employees on output, qual ity, dependability and ideas/ cooperation (Harris & Klein, 1993). Throughout this case study, we see fact after fact indicating the importance of the piecework pay incentive system utilized at Lincoln Electric (Harris &Klein, 1993) and how it keeps the employees motivated. One example shown in the case study is the interview with Jimmy Roberts, a 47 year old drill press operator, who stated that the bonus distribution plan along with biweekly pay Were the reasons for such high productivity (Lincoln Electric, 1994). Pay at Lincoln Electric is industry leading, and hourly shop workers with a high school education can earn around ninety thousand dollars a year between hourly pay and incentives/ bonus pay (Harris & Klein, 1993) and this has helped form a company with a highly motivated workforce (Schuler &MacMillan, 1984). Tying into the reward compensation system, beyond the piece-work pay, is the ability to obtain additional wages through knowledge sharing/ suggestions. According to t he case study, the value of suggestions for improvements results in recommendations for high performance scores that ultimately determine an individual's incentive bonus amount (Lincoln Electric, 1994). This type of system of â€Å"pay-for-knowledge† promotes investment in firm-specific human capital that has helped improve organizational productivity though a workforce that is both multi;skilled and flexible (Guthrie, 2000).A study conducted by Guthrie (2000) revealed that the pay systems that were primarily â€Å"skilled based† (primarily incentive based plans) were far less likely to have employee turnover than those jobs that were group based (strictly wage based plans), thus reinforcing the elemental need to gain a competitive advantage (Summer, 1994) such as that seen at in the assigned case study on Lincoln Electric.Tying into this concept of a reward compensation system is the notable fact mentioned in the case study that Lincoln Electrics employees earn nearly twice as much a year as other factory workers in the Cleveland, Ohio area Lincoln electric 1994). This accounts for the second element that Lincoln Electrics management meets in creating a competitive advantage. Lincoln Electrics wage system, part from hourly pay and part from the previously mentioned incentive pay, meets the need of Masses,/s (Theory Z) hierarchy need of self-actualization (an individual's need for success) (Harris & Klein, 1993).Since this is the last step on Mascots hierarchy this indicated that all other needs are met below it as well (Harris & Klein, 1 993) and since Lincoln Electric meets its employees needs they feel no urgency to leave the company which leads us into the third key human resource element that creates a competitive advantage for Lincoln Electric: long-term, stable employment (summers, 1994). Lincoln Electrics quality management utilizes a continual practice of long- term employment security that has also been a key element of its competitive success (Katz, 1998).Motivating employees can take many forms and the difference between some of the best managed companies versus other companies is their individual methods of implementing their accompanied management techniques (Harris & Klein, 1993). In this case study it mentions that Lincoln Electric has not laid anyone off since World War II (Lincoln Electric, 1 994) which encompasses part of the accompanied management technique of motivating through superb human resource management (Lincoln Electric, 1994).Additional proof is given of a stable workforce in the case study showing that turnover is less than four percent for employees who have been on the job for eighteen months or longer (Lincoln Electric, 1994). Not laying anyone off for over forty years and the use of a guaranteed employment policy has created a waiting list of applicants at Lincoln Electric since nineteen hundred ND thirty-three (Harris & Klein, 1993).There are negative consequences of down (right) sizing, using contingent work forces, minimizing labor costs, outsourcing, and temporary/contract workers (Stevens, 2001 ) which Lincoln has managed to avoid through its practice of guaranteed employment. The use of this policy has created a proclamation that people are Lincoln most valuable assets (Stevens, 2001) which is reinforced by the founding principles of the company that after the customer the employee is the second most important person, even above the stockholders (Lincoln Electric, 1994).The fourth element that is observed in the assigned case study is that of its Lincoln Electrics selective job placement/ recruitment processes. Competitive pressures, greater recognition of human resources as a potential source of competitive advantage, and changing workforce demographics have made the hiring process more vigorous than ever for management (Boswell, Rolling, Lupine, & Monomania, 2003).The case study of Lincoln Electric reveals a company policy of promotion from within since ninet een- forty-four, that external hiring is only permitted for entry-level positions, and hat final selection of job candidates is made by the hiring supervisor after a committee consisting of the Vice Presidents and supervisors interview candidates and is approved by the personnel department (Lincoln Electric, 1994).Harris and Clinker (1993) give an additional account to the process in that it is a very vigorous one where each applicant is first screened by personnel and then is interviewed by four vice presidents who must all agree on the applicant. Each applicant is judged on their desire for success, evidence of dependability, and skills valuable to the current job (Harris &Clinker, 1993). It is suggested that management circles for a long time have known that promoting from within is good for employee morale and further more is beneficial to the company since the employee is already familiar with the ins-and-outs of the company and is well acclimated to its overall culture (Hoist & Klein, 2002).Since opportunity for promotion or advancement appears to be an important driver of attraction it is evident that this conceptual element is very apart of the Lincoln Electric accompanied management process that has helped it to maintain a competitive advantage (Boswell, et al. 2003). This also covers the element of promotion from within Summers' (1994) sixteen elements to promote a company's competitive advantage. Another competitive advantage element that is evident in the assigned case study on Lincoln Electric is the promotion of employee ownership.First the Company promotes an employee stock ownership plan that has resulted in employee ownership of fifty percent of the common stock with seventy-five percent of the employees participating in the program (Lincoln Electric, 1994). A project at HP experimented with the use of stock payments as an incentive here it stock was offered for meeting completion dates and the ending result was that the project was completed six months ahead of time (Beer, Cannon, Baron, & Dailey, 2004).While a survey at the conclusion of the experiment revealed that seventy percent of the employees felt they would have worked just as hard on the project without the incentive program, sixty percent of the employees surveyed recommended that incentive programs be used with other projects at HP (Beer, Cannon, Baron, & Dailey, 2004) providing further support that stock ownership can promote growth and a competitive advantage as a whole.Second the case study on Lincoln electric reveals that employee ownership is utilized through idea sharing and employee suggestions (Lincoln Electric, 1994). This point focuses on employee ownership as well as information sharing, and the participation and empowerment of Summers' (1994) sixteen factors that help a company's competitive advantage. From the earliest years of the company James Lincoln encouraged employees to be involved and promoted an employee â€Å"Advisory Board† that has met every two weeks with the Chief Executive Officer (Lincoln Electric, 1994).It is suggested for employees to remain engaged and productive that their input be respected by management which encourages employees to participate in decision- making and creates a sense of belonging, thereby increasing their engagement and participation in future growth Of the company (Marko's & survived, 2010). Empirical evidence in a study of advisory boards backed the theory that advisory boards help promote growth in at least a small way with eighty-three percent stating that it was at least somewhat effective to very effective and only seventeen percent stating it was a waste of time (Morsel & Poster, 2002).Additionally a number of studies have found positive relationships between employee engagement (such as Lincoln Electrics employee Advisory Board) and increased organizational performance (Marko's & Survived, 2010). It is apparent that the advisory board suggestions have had an influence on Lincoln Electrics success, with nearly where fifty out of two to three hundred suggestions are implemented on a monthly basis (Harris & Clinker, 1993).Supplemental support can be made in the fact that Lincoln Electric continually reveals dividends to stock holders that exceeded eleven dollars a share and eave reached nearly thirty dollars per share (Lincoln Electric, 1994). A more subtle, yet still evident, element of Lincoln Electrics quality management that promotes a competitive advantage is its promotion of training and development. Harrington (1998) states that to maintain a company's most valuable resource, its people, training is necessary.Reality is that no company can maintain high performance without a knowledgeable workforce. In the Lincoln Electric Case study production workers are given a short on-the-job training when first hired, sale agents, already college radiates, are given on-the-job training in the plant, which helps them sell products and reduce welding costs, followed by a period of work and training at one of the regional sales offices (Lincoln Electric, 1994).Giving employees appropriate training to perform their job functions increases core skills and knowledge which in turn increases their confidence allowing them to work with very little if any supervision (Marko's & Survived, 2010). This may be evidence as to why Lincoln is able to retain high performance while first line supervisors generally supervise any. Veer up to a hundred employees with animal interaction as stated in the case study (Lincoln Electric, 1994).Previous studies have shown that training has a positive impact on organizational performance and is associated with a company's productivity and profitability (Hansson, 2007). An empirical study, utilizing four different mathematically tested models resulted in a the coefficient of the â€Å"training variable† that remained positive through all four models giving evidential proof that company training is linked t o higher performance on a accompanied level (Danville del Valley, ?Engel Aster Castillo, Rodriguez-Treated, 009).Additionally the case study points out that Lincoln Electric created a welding school in nineteen-seventeen on the recommendations of the Advisory board that is still in existence today, adding to continual education and the ability to learn and understand the company's primary products that revolve around the welding industry (Lincoln Electric, 1994).Saba, a Lincoln Electric Vice president, is quoted at the conclusion of the case study stating â€Å"Management has encouraged education, technical publishing, and long range programs that have resulted in industry growth, thereby assuring racket potential for The Lincoln Electric Company' further emphasizing Lincoln Electric commitment to training and knowledge that has help it maintain its high performance over the years; an element made in Summers' (1994) key elements to maintaining a competitive advantage.Symbolic egali tarianism, while not defined directly, is definitely revealed in the assigned case study on Lincoln Electric. Many firms that are known for achieving and sustaining a competitive advantage have some form of an egalitarianism environment according to Prefer, Whatnot, & Essentialness (1995). Symbolic egalitarianism is promoting equality; it is a way of signaling o both the internal and external environment that the company has comparative equality (Prefer, Whatnot, & Essentialness, 1995).In the case study there is mention of one cafeteria where both blue collar and white collar employees all eat in the same cafeteria and there are no reserved parking spaces either, even one of the vice presidents has to park on the far end of the parking lot when arriving late one morning after giving on off-site speech that morning (Lincoln Electric, 1994). Another company who also utilizes both Of these same characteristics is ANNUM where the executive dining room was laminated, everyone eats togeth er and there are also no â€Å"reserved† parking spaces (Prefer, Whatnot, & Essentialness, 1995) both signs of egalitarianism.Symbolic egalitarianism helps promote a competitive advantage because there are no status distinctions to overcome and information/ ideas are more free-flowing (Prefer, Hating, & Essentialness, 1995). Another way Lincoln Electric promotes competitive advantage that has helped them maintain high performance is through their lack of a corporate structure. While, it is pointed out within the assigned case study that at one point business school researchers created an organizational chart, management felt it was disruptive and no formal chart is used within the company today (Lincoln Electric, 1994).Also, the aforementioned employee stock purchase plan can also be considered a form of symbolic egalitarianism. There is evidence cited by companies showing that employees believe the existence of such stock ownership plans and other profit-sharing plans do in fact promote egalitarianism within their company (Moran, 2010). Empirical evidence also suggests that open office layouts encourage and facilitate inter- class interaction by reducing both status differentials and physical barriers (Moran, 2010).The case analysis alludes to the old plant of Lincoln Electric that runs like â€Å"clockwork† because of integrated layout and non-exclusivity of the design which helps to additionally support the fact that Lincoln Electrics high performance through competitive advantage is obtained through use of symbolic forms of egalitarianism. Wage compression is somewhat interpreted in the assigned case analysis on Lincoln Electric.At Lincoln Electric base pay is deemphasized and the reward pay system is emphasized more greatly, as seen in the fact that some employees make up to ninety thousand dollars a year on base wages that anger no more than nine to sixteen dollars an hour (Harris & Klein, 1993). Even at sixteen dollars an hour at forty hou rs per week for fifty-two weeks of pay that only amounts to roughly thirty-three-thousand dollars a year at the top and for those on the low end (nine dollar an hour) that's roughly on nineteen-thousand a year.This means that someone making ninety thousand dollars a year at Lincoln Electric earns only twenty to thirty-seven percent of their pay from hourly pay and anywhere from sixty three to eighty percent of their pay from the compensation system. Since workers from new hires to hose close to retirement are all condensed into a base salary range between nineteen and thirty-three thousand dollars this signifies that there is in fact wage compression at Lincoln Electric with emphasis on pay being directed towards the piecework pay system.According to the case study incentive pay has actually averaged ninety percent of pay since nineteen hundred thirty-four and the average worker makes just over sixteen dollars an hour which is about two dollars better than the average manufacturing wage in Cleveland, Ohio (Lincoln Electric, 1994). One Of the benefits of Wage compression is that it fuels high performance commendations; people are not constantly worried about their compensation, whether they are getting paid enough, and are not continually focusing on re-bargaining their pay scale (Prefer, Hating, & Essentialness, 1995).A 2002 study investigated wage dispersion and training in Europe finding that training was more frequent when wage compression was higher (Hansson, 2007) emphasizing the earlier point of Lincoln Electric promotions of training. This study shows direct relation between wage compressions and training revealing that workers are more knowledgeable and well trained hen wages are compressed, both pointed out in the Lincoln Electric case study.The overall De-emphasis on pay through wage compression helps employees focus more on organizational goals and creating meaningful colleague relationship that work towards organizational success, producing higher overall performance (Prefer, Hating, & Essentialness, 1995). Other elements included in Summers' (1994) key elements to maintaining a competitive advantage, which is the prime component of Lincoln Electrics abilities to maintain continually high performance are: teams and job redesign and cross-utilization and cross-training.Teams and job redesign, as well as cross-utilization/ cross-training aren't really focused on within the case study assigned on Lincoln electric however it is an essential element in today's ever changing global environment (Limit, T;KC, Kemp, 2008). According to Harrington (1998) Lincoln Electric does invest heavily in cross-training employees in many different aspects in an effort to make employees more valuable to the company.While the case study did not mention anything about cross-training another case study points out that at Lincoln Electric nearly everyone must complete the welding program; since it is the Meany's main product line and to graduate from t he program a requirement is that the attendee must materialize a recommendation of how to innovate the product (Prefer, Hating, & Essentialness, 1995). Long-term perspective and measurement of practices were not directly pointed at within the assigned Lincoln case study either but are implied within it.Lincoln could not have the long-term, high performance it has had without looking to the future and continually reengaging itself to measure its standards of practice. Overreaching philosophy is another topic not directly it upon in the case analysis of Lincoln Electric but this philosophy is one of bringing everything together. Various things from sales, to training, to production, to finance are all discussed within the analysis and this underlining principle is a must for any company to succeed, because if the left hand and right hand don't work together then little can get accomplished.Beyond these competitive advantage elements described there are a few other notable items reveal ed in the case study that promote Lincoln Electrics continued high performance over the years to include: value innovation, costs deduction, avoiding an employee union workshop, and no long-term debt (Lincoln Electric, 1994). Value innovation is essentially the simultaneous pursuit of differentiation and low cost (Leave, 2005).The case study shows instances of Lincoln Electric differentiating itself from the competition in the advancement of its small motors as well as its contribution in the welding Inner-Shield process. Additionally, it is mentioned within the case study that cost reduction programs are in place around many areas including shipping, cost reductions around material procurement and purchasing, accountability o reduce scrap, energy conservation, and maintain overall initial product quality (Lincoln Electric, 1994) which all contribute to providing low costs, high quality products to end consumers.It is noted that value innovation can occur anywhere within a company's activities to include: products, services, delivery, costs, pricing, and the business model itself (Leave, 2005). Another minor item that can be considered minor contributions to the high performance of Lincoln Electric in the case study is the avoidance of employee unions.In the assigned case study James Lincoln was quoted as eying that Unions selfishly attempt â€Å"to better its position at the expense of the people it must serve† but understood that it was a â€Å"natural reactions of human beings† to counter the abuses of management with abuses of their own and emphasized that labor and management are â€Å"not warring camps; they are parts of one organization in which they must, and should, cooperate fully and happily' (Lincoln Electric, 1 994); a founding management strategy that has warded off any attempt for employees to unionize.Strong evidence is supported suggesting that higher union coverage within a company educes investment opportunities and are more c apital intensive than those firms that are Nan-unionized (Brogans, Deere, & Tracy, 1994). Avoiding union of the labor force has allowed Lincoln Electric to avoid these capital intensive investments. Finally management's ability to keep the company running with no long- term debt accrual is evident in the assigned case study on Lincoln Electric that has helped to contribute to their high performance.When there is an unexpected shortfall of cash flow within a company empirical studies have shown that there is a significant negative price reaction for outstanding debt ND equity (Achieve & Easter-wood, 1997). Additional empirical studies show that firms that secure more debt tend to record lower earnings within that fiscal year and the year following (Achieve & Sisterhood, 1997).In the assigned case study it is noted that risk associated with Lincoln Electric stock is minimal because the company has little debt in capital structure, extremely stable earnings year after year which encour ages investments in the company, until nineteen-eighty Lincoln Electric borrowed no money, and currently liabilities consist mainly of accounts payable and short-term accruals (Lincoln Electric, 1994). These practices have helped the company maintain high performance as cash flow is available to keep the company running, like a â€Å"well-oiled machine†.The number Of things Lincoln Electric does that helps drive its high performance seems almost endless. More than sixteen different quality management elements that help drive Lincoln Electrics competitive advantage have already been identified. The key to any business is the ability to adapt and change; this has helped Lincoln Electric maintain the high performance demonstrated in the assigned case study. Even some of the aforementioned topics, such as training, could always be improved upon.Having an understanding of certain potential weaknesses observed in the case study will allow for recommendations to be made that can aid in Lincoln Electrics continued high performance levels. Recommendations for Continued Success Lincoln Electric is no doubt innovative in its management techniques but there are a number of concerns that are addressed throughout the assigned case study including: incentive system, education and advancement, and employee power. While each of these has been represented as the LincolnElectrics strengths, it is recognized that a company maintains a competitive advantage though readdressing the source of the competitive advantage (Prefer, Hating, & Essentialness, 1995), or in other-words' realign company strategy to maintain competitive advantage as markets change. A simple change in economic or industry conditions can change a company's source of competitive advantage (Consonants, 2008), even when certain management practices have been uncontested in the past.In the assigned Lincoln Electric case study this was evident during the three year recession room nineteen-hundred eighty-one to nineteen-hundred eighty three when sales plummeted thirty percent one year and then another sixteen percent the proceeding year, and through strategic adaptive change the company prevailed without laying off one single worker (Lincoln Electric, 1994). Recent uncertainty has surfaced in regards to the supply of finances with the sub- prime crisis of 2008 (Assonance's, 2008) along with a changing global economy over the past two decades promote additional need for companies to remain flexible and adaptive.It is recommended that focus of restructuring Lincoln Electrics management practices around these three key areas will help Lincoln Electric remain adaptive to future cyclical changes: . Incentive system – Wages, Bonuses, & Benefits There are a few key indicators within the case study on Lincoln Electric that point to some concern over the current wage and incentive pay systems. Based on the contradictions even within the case study it is surprising how successful Lincoln ince ntive pay system has been in the past.The case study point outs that, while the past percentage of bonus pay has resulted in high compensation, employees expressed concerns that the bonuses arena rising n accordance with profits and that today's workforce is sharing in a bonus pool that is higher than in the last few decades (Lincoln Electric, 1994). Expectancy theory predicts that bonus pools that are based on a predetermined percentage will be more effective and empirical studies have proven that when a bonus pool is set as a percentage of company revenue it significantly increases revenue and thus the money allocated to the bonus pool (Long, 2000).Based on this study it is recommended, that to maintain the current employee satisfaction and to allow employees greater access to refit sharing, that Lincoln Electric create a formula for profit sharing where a pre-determined mathematical formula will levy the size of the bonus pool so that employees have a guarantee of the percentage that they will receive to help improve moral.

Chart and Reflection Essay

1980 Election This was a political event because it caused a change in the government. Americans wanted a firm, patriotic leader who had a plan to fix the economic problems carrying over from the 1970s. Jimmy Carter was running for reelection, and Americans overall were very unhappy with his leadership. Ronald Reagan emerged as his challenger, a former actor with great public skills and a plan. They elected Ronald Reagan in 1980 who had a controversial plan for fixing the U.S. economy, later dubbed â€Å"Reaganomics.† 1980  Reagan Doctrine Treaty of 1987 the president’s foreign policy in the 1980s of supporting anti-Communist revolutions. reduced existing weapons. the Reagan Doctrine would not shy away from directly confronting Soviet-supported regimes or groups. prevent nuclear proliferation in our own territory and around the globe.   U.S. support favored groups that, while not Communist, were not democratic either. The most controversial of these efforts was in Nicaragua. Mikhail Gorbachev took control of the Soviet Union. He believed that the future of the Soviet Union depended on important reforms and began to implement two programs. the policy led to U.S. involvement in conflicts around the world. Part 2: Answer the following questions in a complete paragraph of your own words. Do you think President Ronald Reagan’s policies had a positive or negative effect on the country overall? Explain your response. Reagan’s foreign policy actions were very positive because they lead to the end of the Cold War and the threat of communism that had been plaguing America for decades. What do you think was the most significant event of the 1980s and why? -Ronald Reagan elected president -Britain’s elite SAS frees Iranian embassy in London after being taken over by terrorists -52 Americans held hostage are returned home after 444 days in captivity -Ronald Reagan survives an assassination attempt by John Hinckley -Riots in Brixton and inner cities in Britain -Britain’s Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer’s wedding -Discovery of AIDS virus These events are significant because they have had an impact on our country today.

Collaboration in the supply chain

In general footings supply concatenation direction has been described by Cox ( 1997 ) as â€Å" a manner of thought that is devoted to detecting tools and techniques that provide for increased operational effectivity and efficiency throughout the bringing channels that must be created internally and externally to back up and provide bing corporate merchandise and service offerings to clients † . Supply concatenation direction can besides be defined as a direction of three or more administration linked together by one or more of the flow of merchandise, services, finance and information from a beginning to a client ( Mentzer et al, 2001 ) . So based on the above definition supply concatenation direction can be describe as a direction of the relationship and activities among the member of the administrations internally every bit good as externally. As the concern environment becomes more complex, administrations recognise that many benefits can be obtained from closer, long term relationship in supply concatenation ( Ganesan, 1994 ) . The end of the supply concatenation direction is that every member of the administration should work together in close and long term relationship to increase the competitory advantage of the supply concatenation direction as a whole which can move as one of the nucleus competence of the administration ( Mentzer et al, 2001 ) . The troubles for production companies are escalating, as a â€Å" rising figure merchandises are launched whose marks market can merely be reached efficaciously through a limited figure of mercantile establishments whose ownership is concentrated in a diminishing figure of centralized concatenation † ( Guirdham, 1972, P: nine ) . However, there are plentiful illustrations of major gross revenues and market portion breakthrough being achieved by a supply concatenation scheme which requires a supply concatenation direction. External environment in which a house operates besides plays a critical function in the acceptance and execution of supply concatenation integrating. The fast altering market demands require companies to incorporate supply concatenation procedures in order to be more antiphonal. Customers are demanding merchandises which can be systematically delivered faster and more faithfully, which requires close coordination within the house and with retail merchants or mercantile establishments ( Richey et al. , 2009 ) . However, A figure of researches are done on the retail administrations and parent administrations but there is a deficiency in literature between the supply concatenation direction of these two administrations. As per OCED ( 2007 ) and Porter and Ketels ( 2003 ) , fabricating administrations in developed economic systems needs to travel up the value concatenation and vie on the footing of value instead than on the footing of cost. To vie on the footing of the value the administration should necessitate services to the client. Martinez et Al ( 2009 ) stated that it is a ambitious undertaking for a fabrication administration to go a product-service administration ( PSS ) in which merchandises and services can be provided by the retail merchants to the costumiers for some administration. The acceptance of a new product-service scheme requires investings on capacity edifice such as the placement of retail merchants, new peoples ‘ accomplishments, capablenesss and engineerings etc. ( Reinartz and Ulaga, 2008 ) . Therefore, in the short period of clip it can be disputing for administrations to take out immense grosss from a new PSS transmutation but in the longer period of clip that new PSS schemes can convey immense grosss to the administrations ( Quinn et al. , 1990 ) . Oliva and Kallenberg ( 2003 ) , Davies ( 2003 ) and Araujo and Spring ( 2006 ) argue that during this transmutation to a combined product-service offering, administrations are likely to alter their schemes, value ironss, operations, system integrating capablenesss, people expertise and engineerings. In many merchandise service administrations ( PSS ) industries service are provided by the retail merchant as the nucleus competence of a retail merchant lies in supplying services to the client and have the client cognition of that country. However, the manner of altering transmutation waies from a merchandise fabrication administration to a combined product-service administration are still ill understood ( Voss, 2005 ; Johnston, 1995 ; Miller et al. , 2002 ; Tukker, 2004 ) . Harmonizing to Richey et Al, 2009 in PSS there are two drivers in supply concatenation integrating which are internal and external. Most of the administrations look to develop the internal supply concatenation integrating to cut down cost in production and the others factors alternatively of developing it overall. It is besides said that directors have reported many troubles in the procedure of implementing of complete supply concatenation integrating because external environment is non in control of any administration so it is difficult to implement complete supply concatenation integrating. Some administrations consider their retail merchant as an internal supply concatenation direction of the administration and some says that lies in external supply concatenation direction of the administration ( Keller, 2002 ) . However, Internal planning failure is due to the deficiency of an effectual planning that provides the result of concern procedures and external monitoring failure refers to the deficiency of an internal mechanism that efficaciously monitors the external environment ( Burt and Davies, 2007 ) . So which means that retail merchant administration can a portion of external or internal supply concatenation direction but the failure comes from internal of the administration. Alternatively of endeavoring for common ends, each functional country works for its ain involvement to accomplish its ain public presentation aims. A typical type of internal planning failure leads different functional countries in different waies. For illustration while the production section might to a great extent concentrate on cutting the costs, the gross revenues section might merely endeavor for bigger gross revenues volume, which will do supply concatenation integrating an impossible mission ( Christopher, 2005 ) . As stated by Richey et Al, 2009 external environment is non in control of any administration so it is difficult to implement complete supply concatenation integrating but as stated by Burt and Davies, 2007 monitoring of external environment is due to miss of internal failure which concludes that an administration can implement a complete supply concatenation integrating internally. In today ‘s environment, competition is among supply ironss instead than among single companies ( Christopher, 2005 ) . This requires houses to hold an effectual information system to supervise external environment, including their clients, retail merchant, and rivals, to do appropriate determinations sing supply concatenation integrating. Marketing writers have long argued that in order to be market oriented, houses must bring forth market cognition about the current and future client demands, administer the cognition across all the sections, and respond to it through coordination of sections ( Kohli and Jaworski, 1990 ; Slater and Narver, 1995 ) . The cognition of the current and the hereafter clients can be collected by the retail merchant as they are close to the clients and locally situated. â€Å" Competing supply concatenation that manage through coaction to incorporate supply and demand, present important improved public presentation, and benefit yet farther from close relationship that themselves foster more chance for greater betterment † ( Barratt, 2004, p 31 ) . As per Findlay et al. , 1990 retailing environment in developing states is under developed and there is no peculiar system or construction for retail market. If the retailing environment in the development states are undeveloped so how the administration are implementing the supply concatenation direction. Barriers to provide concatenation integrating act as a go-between to weaken the positive relationships between the drivers of supply concatenation integrating and the steadfast public presentation. Hoek ( 2000 ) argued that because mechanisms for both internal and external integrating can be found in the measuring and control of operations, it is of import to develop integrative steps for the full organisation. The research on the effects of the barriers to provide concatenation integrating is still missing, which limits the ability to happen effectual solutions to these issues. Therefore, it is worthwhile to look into the barriers and the effects of these barriers to provide concatenation integrating. Which external barriers are curtailing from constructing a healthy supply concatenation relationship between the parent and retail administration? Available literature reappraisal explains about the benefits of the supply concatenation relationship. But there is a deficiency in the literature reappraisal which explains the external barriers and how to get the better of with those barriers for an industry. By making the research on the external barriers impacting in doing the healthy relationship between the retail and the parent administration can convey good solution for most of the merchandise service administration. What jobs the retail and parent administration are confronting internally to develop healthy supply concatenation relation? To construct a healthy relationship in supply concatenation direction of merchandise service administration between the retail merchant and parent administration internal barriers should be identified. External supply concatenation direction fails due to the deficiency of an internal mechanism that efficaciously monitors the external environment ( Freathy, 2003 ) . By making the research on the internal barriers impacting in doing the healthy relationship between the retail and the parent administration can convey good solution for most of the merchandise service administration. How to get the better of the barriers which are set uping to construct a healthy supply concatenation relationship between the parent and retail administration? Merely by findings the external and internal barriers in the doing the healthy supply concatenation relationship between the parent and the retail administration is non sufficient. It is necessary to happen a solution to get the better of the barriers for any administration. As per the research the recommendation will be based on the solutions by utilizing the primary and secondary informations, so that the administrations which are confronting the similar barriers found in research can utilize that solution to do a healthy relationship in supply concatenation direction. By doing a healthy relationship parent and retail administration can supply better client service and can derive more market portion in their industry. In an interpretative doctrine the Inductive attacks has been selected because of assorted grounds such as, in this attack theory is made up on the footing of informations collected which means doing sense of world which can be find out of the interviews ( collected information ) , here â€Å" cause and consequence nexus exists between the variables and deriving the apprehension of the significances † ( Saunder et al. , 2007 ) , which provides a close apprehension of the existent state of affairs, which supports the use of qualitative informations, including interviews to be carried on. Furthermore the inclination of deductive attack in bordering ‘rigid methodological analysis which restricts the alternate account of what is traveling on ‘ proves to be its unfavorable judgment ( Fisher, 2010 ) . A instance survey or literature reappraisal would be used with inductive attack in order to acquire in-depth analysis within a existent life context. Yin, 2003 provinces that instance surveies or literature reappraisal non merely supply entree to broad scope of attitudinal, behavioral, and historical issues but besides can be used in combination of interviews and questionnaires ( Saunders et al. , 2007 ) . Many research workers ‘ stated that Triangulation of research methods is considered to be one of the most dependable and can be a valuable manner of carry oning research ( Robson, 2002: cited in Fisher, 2007 ) . Thus a multiple-method attack utilizing a combination of research methods was considered thereby utilizing qualitative informations by carry oning in-depth interviews ( Saunders et al. , 2007 ) and associating it to the literature reappraisal in the given clip frame.Research methods and tryingThe proposal is based on research that will be carried out on primary inform ations as opposed to the secondary informations due to the deficiency of literature available every bit good as the research has non been done on the above mentioned research inquiries. Primary informations here includes the in-depth unstructured face to confront interviews, to happen out what precisely is traveling on in world ( findings barriers ) and to seek new -insights ( Robson, 2002: cited in Fisher, 2007 ) , every bit good as informal interviews, considered as qualitative research interviews ( King 2004: cited in Saunders et al. , 2007 ) , with managers of the retail administration, senior directors, head employees of the retail administration, caput of regional office of Assorted administration within the agribusiness equipment industry ( tractors ) in Bundi part which is in Rajasthan ( India ) . To traverse look into the barriers informal interview with the retail administration in other part will besides be conducted. Access to the information and questioning the above de signators has been granted by the taking market portion administration and their retail merchants and the permission of entering the interview is besides granted. However confabs are in procedure for subscribing off the confidentiality understanding to keep the informations integrity/privacy, as one of the nucleus values of the administrations and with other trade names retail merchants and with seniors of regional offices. Other information can be gathered from the company ‘s dorsum land which can be use to associate it to the interview and entree to those information has been approved like understandings between the retail and parent administrations. For the pick of trying techniques this research intends to utilize purposive sampling that involves choosing considerable figure of enlightening interviews, hope to carry on 12 interviews with senior directors, managers of the retail administration, caput employees of the retail administration, caput of regional office within the agribusiness equipment industry ( tractors ) in India, to run into the above mentioned aims ( Fisher, 2007 ; Saunders, et.al. 2007 ) .RestrictionsWhile making un-structured and informal in-depth interviews, batch of factors demands to be taken attention off. Open inquiries need to be asked in order to avoid biasness every bit good as to take out maximal possible information from the administrations. However, the focal point will stay on the research inquiry and the purpose of research while questioning. Interviewer ‘s demands to take attention of the dress-code, privateness of the individual, opening remarks to be made while get downing interview, affe ctional hearing accomplishments, attack to entering informations and last but non the least given clip skyline within which interviews demands to be conducted and analysed.Specific Ethical or Legal Concerns With Your Research ProjectIt is necessary to understand the sensitiveness of utilizing the existent informations from the directors and the employees of the companies. It is of import to clear up the research subject, informations, addition entree of the informations and how we collect, analyse and utilize them in honest and responsible mode ( Fisher, 2007 ; Saunders et.al, 2007 ) . â€Å" Ethical motives as the moral rules, norms or criterions of behavior that guide moral picks about our behavior and our relationship with others † ( Blumberg et al, 2005: cited in Saunders et.al, 2007 ) . During informations aggregation devising certain the information that has been collected is accurate and which is helpful to associate with the research inquiry and should avoid all the s ubjective selectivity on what is traveling to be recorded. Taking great attention and keeping confidentiality and namelessness are of import in deriving entree to administrations information ( Easterby-Smith et. Al, 2009 ) . Any suggestion and incorrect reading made on the footing of utilizing company informations, could take to large legal job. Therefore under the subdivision 2 ( B ) 1998 Data protection Act, it is vitally of import that all informations be treated sensitively and confidentially ( OPSI, 1988 ) . All the information will be used what ‘s available and has been used to do primary research for to make full the spread in the literature but this will be done by being just to the companies and following their policies. Not merely the information that has been collected is of import but procuring the information is besides of import, any escape in informations can convey the individual or society into problem Pr into legal jobs. Harmonizing to the UK statute law, thi s refers to the commissariats of informations Protection Act, 1998. This allows protecting your informations of your research lawfully in the state you live in ( The stationary office, 1998: cited in Saunders et.al, 2007 ) .Identify what ethical or legal concerns that there may be with the undertaking – be precise and elaborate.Preservation of Confidentiality and AnonymityAs per the research it is required to roll up the information from assorted administrations and to maintain the information secure for that confidentiality signifier will be signed between the research worker and the member of the administration. Confidentiality signifier will besides be signed between the research worker and the administration. All the informations will be kept safely.Informed ConsentDuring roll uping the informations the directors of retail administration and parent administration will be informed that the information they are giving will non be shared by any others individual or the admin istration and it will merely used for the research. The names of the director and the administration will be kept confidentially under the Data protection Act 1998 ( Saunders et al. , 2007 ) .Potential Good or Harm Caused by the ResearchDesignation of barriers in the research conducted can supply utile information for product-service administrations on developing their external and internal supply concatenation integrating particularly between the retail and parent administration.Ethical Guidelines in the FieldPlease mention Section 1 of Ethical and legal concern.Processing and Storage of DatasThe information collected in the research will be treated discreetly and utilized with regard to the Data Protection Act 1998 ( OPSI, 1998 ) . All informations in paper or electronic format will be stored safely and upon completion of the research undertaking informations will be destroyed wholly. The deadline for the proposal is on the 24th of May 2010. Further work will be pending one time the consequences came out which will take about 4 hebdomads that will take it to 24th of June. Following the consequences and after the allotment of supervisor 2 hebdomads will be given to do the necessary alterations to the proposal and get down initial research. There has been non allocated a batch of clip due to assorted grounds for the research. First, the research can non be start because of the other faculties which will be finish on 5th of July 2010 ; it will be difficult to give clip wholly to research during this period. Secondly research will hold to be done under an allocated supervisor and communicate and handiness of the supervisor will hold to be considered. Once the proposal has been passed by allocated supervisor, the aggregation of the secondary informations which includes the background and literature survey such as articles, diaries and information will be carried out ti ll 12th of July. Time is a large factor here hence research clip has been estimated to be approximately 4 hebdomads which is allocated to roll up the primary informations through interviews for administration and to analyze it. From the 2nd hebdomad of July, following undertaking will be done by going to India to roll up the information required to finish the research. Final two hebdomads from the 2nd hebdomad to the 3rd hebdomad of August will be given for reappraisal of the research and findings and associate it to the literature available it and composing the thesis. In add-on research worker will be confer withing with the allocated supervisor through regular meetings and treatment. The last hebdomad of August will be allocated to completion and concluding reappraisal of the thesis to guarantee that it is presented good.MentionsAraujo, L. and Spring, M. 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