The eNotes Blog Gang Glast Aglay Shakespeare, Starlings, and a Good Idea GoneBad

Gang Glast Aglay Shakespeare, Starlings, and a Good Idea GoneBad â€Å"Nay, I’ll have a starling shall be taught to speak nothing but ‘Mortimer.’† ~ Hotspur, Henry IV, Part I What do you get when you combine the good intentions of a well-meaning Shakespeare lover who also loved birds? Well, THIS. In 1890, a New Yorker named Eugene Schieffelin released eighty starlings into New Yorks Central Park. He wanted to introduce every species mentioned in the works of Shakespeare to America. Not a great idea. Those eighty have become two hundred million and they are considered an invasive species. Starlings take up many of the resources that native birds rely upon, such as nesting space and food. Here are lines from several plays in which Shakespeare mentions birds. Her tongue will not obey her heart, nor can Her heart inform her tongue,the swans down-feather, That stands upon the swell at full of tide, And neither way inclines. Antony and Cleopatra 3.2.56-60 Go thither; and, with unattainted eye, Compare her face with some that I shall show, And I will make thee think thy swan a crow. Romeo and Juliet 1.2.88-90 He loves us not; He wants the natural touch; for the poor wren, The most diminutive of birds, will fight, Her young ones in her nest, against the owl. Macbeth 4.2.8-11 Cock-crow at ChristmasSome say that ever ‘gainst that season comes Wherein our Saviour’s birth is celebrated, The bird of dawning singeth all night long And then, they say, no spirit can walk abroad The nights are wholesome then no planets strike, No fairy tales, nor witch hath power to charm, So hallow’d and so gracious is the time. Hamlet 1.1.157-164

Cryogenics Definition and Uses

Cryogenics Definition and Uses Cryogenics is defined as the scientific study of materials and their behavior at extremely low temperatures. The word comes from the Greek cryo, which means cold, and genic, which means producing. The term is usually encountered in the context of physics, materials science, and  medicine. A scientists who studies cryogenics is called a cryogenicist. A cryogenic material may be termed a cryogen. Although cold temperatures may be reported using any temperature scale, the Kelvin and Rankine scales are most common because they are absolute scales that have positive numbers. Exactly how cold a substance has to be to be considered cryogenic is a matter of some debate by the scientific community. The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) considers cryogenics to include temperatures below  Ã¢Ë†â€™180  °C (93.15 K; −292.00  °F), which is a temperature above which common refrigerants (e.g., hydrogen sulfide, freon) are gases and below which permanent gases (e.g., air, nitrogen, oxygen, neon, hydrogen, helium) are liquids. There is also a field of study called high temperature cryogenics, which involves temperatures above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen at ordinary pressure (−195.79  °C (77.36 K; −320.42  °F), up to −50  °C (223.15 K; −58.00  °F). Measuring the temperature of cryogens requires special sensors. Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) are used to take temperature measurements as low as 30 K. Below 30 K, silicon diodes are often used. Cryogenic particle detectors are sensors that operate a few degrees above absolute zero and are used to detect photons and elementary particles. Cryogenic liquids are typically stored in devices called Dewar flasks. These are double-walled containers that have a vacuum between the walls for insulation. Dewar flasks intended for use with extremely cold liquids (e.g., liquid helium) have an additional insulating container filled with liquid nitrogen. Dewar flasks are named for their inventor, James Dewar. The flasks allow gas to escape the container to prevent pressure buildup from boiling that could lead to an explosion. Cryogenic Fluids The following fluids are most often used in cryogenics: Fluid Boiling Point (K) Helium-3 3.19 Helium-4 4.214 Hydrogen 20.27 Neon 27.09 Nitrogen 77.36 Air 78.8 Fluorine 85.24 Argon 87.24 Oxygen 90.18 Methane 111.7 Uses of Cryogenics There are several applications of cryogenics. It is used to produce cryogenic fuels for rockets, including liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen (LOX). The strong electromagnetic fields needed for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are usually produced by supercooling electromagnets with cryogens. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an application of NMR that uses liquid helium. Infrared cameras frequently require cryogenic cooling. Cryogenic freezing of food is used to transport or store large quantities of food. Liquid nitrogen is used to produce fog for special effects and even specialty cocktails and food. Freezing materials using cryogens can make them brittle enough to be broken into small pieces for recycling. Cryogenic temperatures are used to store tissue and blood specimens and to preserve experimental samples. Cryogenic cooling of superconductors may be used to increase electric power transmission for big cities. Cryogenic processing is used as part of some alloy treatments and to facilitate low temperature chemical reactions (e.g., to make statin drugs). Cryomilling is used to mill materials that may be too soft or elastic to be milled at ordinary temperatures. Cooling of molecules (down to hundreds of nano Kelvins) may be used to form exotic states of matter. The Cold Atom Laboratory (CAL) is an instrument designed for use in microgravity to form Bose Einstein condensates (around 1 pico Kelvin temperature) and test laws of quantum mechanics and other physics principles. Cryogenic Disciplines Cryogenics is a broad field that encompasses several disciplines, including: Cryonics - Cryonics is the cryopreservation of animals and humans with the goal of reviving them in the future. Cryosurgery - This is a branch of surgery in which cryogenic temperatures are used to kill unwanted or malignant tissues, such as cancer cells or moles. Cryoelectronics - This is the study of superconductivity, variable-range hopping, and other electronic phenomena at low temperature. The practical application of cryoelectronics is called cryotronics. Cryobiology - This is the study of the effects of low temperatures on organisms, including the preservation of organisms, tissue, and genetic material using cryopreservation. Cryogenics Fun Fact While cryogenics usually involves temperature below the freezing point of liquid nitrogen yet above that of absolute zero, researchers have achieved temperatures below absolute zero (so-called negative Kelvin temperatures). In 2013 Ulrich Schneider at the University of Munich (Germany) cooled gas below absolute zero, which reportedly made it hotter instead of colder! Sources Braun, S., Ronzheimer, J. P., Schreiber, M., Hodgman, S. S., Rom, T., Bloch, I., Schneider, U. (2013) Negative Absolute Temperature for Motional Degrees of Freedom.  Science  339,  52–55.Gantz, Carroll (2015). Refrigeration: A History. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland Company, Inc. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-7864-7687-9.  Nash, J. M.  (1991) Vortex Expansion Devices for High Temperature Cryogenics. Proc. of the 26th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Vol. 4, pp. 521–525.

Managing Financial Resources for Human Services Organizations Essay

Managing Financial Resources for Human Services Organizations - Essay Example raise strong and healthy children by strengthening our investment in Head Start, teen pregnancy prevention and abstinence education; increasing opportunities for adoption; and bolstering our efforts to reduce tobacco and drug abuse among youth; It creates a strong public health agenda for the next century by sustaining biomedical research at the National Institutes of Health, developing a new food safety initiative, combating infectious diseases and providing life-extending drug therapies to people with AIDS; Additionally, the budget provides funds to allow these organizations he option to extend one year of continuous Medicaid coverage to children, thus increasing continuity and security for children and families and reducing administrative burdens on States, families, and health care plans which now have to determine eligibility on a monthly basis. â€Å"The definition of a line-item is the classification of expenditures on the basis of categories called objects-of-expenditure (personnel services, contractual services, capital outlay, etc.) and within each category more detailed line-items (salaries, travel, telephones, etc.). This type of budget focuses attention on how much money is spent and for what purpose rather than the activity affected or its outcomes.† (Elsass. Financial Management in Local Government: Frequently used Terms, 2001). It is easiest to build performance-based budgets on the foundation of a program-based budget system. Under performance, or â€Å"outcome-based budgets†, each major program or function is measured using a set of benchmarks. Benchmarks are snap shots of particular activities or functions at a beginning date and time. These benchmarks are used for comparison purposes to measure progress in attaining specific program or functional goals over periods of time (i.e., six months, a year, or several years). Programs, activities, and functions may also be measured quantitatively and qualitatively against other internal and

What is Rock Music Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What is Rock Music - Research Paper Example The rock music is a different kind of music for anyone to listen, save for those who love it for their own reasons. The genre came into being as ‘rock and roll’ in the United States in the 1950s. It has various styles developed over years worldwide. Rock music has heavy influences from rhythm and blues, country music, folk music, jazz and classical music. More specifically, early origins of rock music can be traced to African American music modes in the Mississippi Delta.1 Rock and roll refers to the first wave of this phenomenon in the 1950s that developed into rock music, and both terms are used interchangeably to refer to the same music genre. Michael Lydon observes that there are a lot of theories about rock music, attempting to define and distinguish it, but all these theories overlook the importance if the rock genre as music2. In this regard, rock music usually features the guitar, a rock group, and a 4/4 time signature in a verse chorus form. There have been several variances from this norm, depending on the kind of theme being enhanced by the particular artist doing a rock music. The music mainly explores themes in the social and political spheres, and is dominant among white youths. Incidentally, rock is hinged on electric live performances, and based on an ideological framework of originality and authenticity. Some have defined rock music as part of the United States tradition3 but Wicke opines that it is a midway between folk music and bourgeois music. This midway is characterized by an emphasis on individuality and distortion of perspective. Rock music is also a midway between the pre mass media explosion and the current age, being the first genre of music commercialized and distributed through media such as television, radio and film as opposed to bourgeois music with its concert hall performances and strict structure. Wicke goes on

Affirmative Action in America Essay Example for Free

Affirmative Action in America Essay Throughout the years, much of the public’s confusion over affirmative action lies in the manners it is defined, because the manner at which the concept is described usually becomes the basis that shapes public attitude. Affirmative action in the United States basically refers to policies that take ethnicity, race, and gender into consideration in an effort to encourage equal opportunity. The focus of such policy varies from employment and public contracting objectives to health and educational outreach programs. It is intended to promote public institutions, such as police forces, hospitals and universities to be more representative of the people they serve. The thrust towards affirmative action is twofold, which is the rectification as a result of involuntary, institutional, or blatant discrimination, and maximization of the advantages of diversity in every levels of society. Affirmative action continues to be one of the most conflict-ridden issues in the United States, remaining unsettled ever since the civil rights legislation in 1960s. Despite the fact that numerous efforts have been challenged to get to the bottom of the problem, none attempted to recognize the fundamental causes of the criticism against the policy. Therefore, in order to understand the future of affirmative action, one must be aware of its evolution, its resistance, and its application in the United States. Evolution of Affirmative Action Affirmative action in the United States started as a device to deal with the enduring discriminations among African-Americans in the 1960s. This particular phrase was initially applied to represent the country’s government policy in 1961 as a means of redressing inequalities that had persisted albeit the constitutional guarantees and civil rights laws (Brunner, 2007). Focusing particularly on jobs and education, affirmative action policies mandated that active measures be taken to make sure that African-Americans and other minorities benefited from equal opportunities for financial aid, scholarships, school admissions, career advancement, salary increase, and promotions that had been practically the whites’ exclusive province. Affirmative action was visualized from the start as a provisional remedy that would end once there was an identical playing field for every Americans. President Kennedys Executive Order 10925 of 1961 intended and mandated every government contracting agencies to practice affirmative action to make sure that black applicants were hired and that they were equally taken cared of throughout their employment, without considering their color, creed, race, or national origin. In 1964, the landmark legislation of Civil Rights Act was signed into law, which prohibits employment discrimination by large employers, regardless of their previous contracts with the government. President Johnson developed and enforced for the fist time the country’s affirmative action through the Executive Order 11246 of 1965, requiring every government contractors and subcontractors to observe affirmative action so as to expand employment opportunities for minorities. President Johnson amended Executive Order 11246 in 1967 to incorporate affirmative action for women. By this time, federal contractors were required to make good-faith endeavors to increase employment opportunities for minorities and women (Wilcher, 2003). The 1978 decision of the United States Supreme Court in the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U. S. 912 upheld the use of race as one aspect in selecting qualified applicants for admission. Concurrently, it also ruled illegal the practice of the University Medical School of setting aside 18 seats for minority students in every incoming class of 100 (Wilcher, 2003). The following year, a National Women’s Business Enterprise Policy was created by President Jimmy Carter through the issuance of Executive Order 12138, which further requires every agency to take affirmative action to support business enterprise of women. In the same year, the Supreme Court ruled in United Steel Workers of America, AFL-CIO v. Weber, 444 U. S. 889 that race-conscious endeavors intended to abolish an evident racial disparity in an employers labor force ensuing from past discrimination are acceptable if they are impermanent and do not infringe the rights of other employees. The United States Supreme Court in 1987 ruled in Johnson v. Transportation Agency, 480 U. S. 616 that a serious under representation of minorities and women warranted the use of sex or race as one aspect in selecting amongst qualified applicants. Opposition to affirmative action has resulted to numerous legal challenges, starting with the United States Supreme Court’s 1989 decision in City of Richmond vs. J. A. Croson, which required local and states governments to draw on more comprehensive evidence of inequalities to validate the need for the programs. Immediately after that, Oregon and Michigan discontinued their affirmative procurement programs. In 1998, both the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives prevented efforts to abolish particular programs of affirmative action. Amendments to eliminate the Disadvantaged Business Enterprise program sponsored through the Transportation Bill were rejected by both houses, and the upper house rejected an endeavor to abolish the use of affirmative action in higher education admissions programs supported through the Higher Education Act. Throughout these periods, the opinions of the Supreme Court justices in affirmative action cases have been generally divided partly because of conflicting political beliefs but moreover because the issue is basically so complicated. Rather than tackling the whole policy, the Court has approached majority of the cases in a piecemeal manner, focusing on its narrow features. But in 2003, the landmark case involving the affirmative action policies of University of Michigan, which became one of the most imperative rulings on the issue in 25 years, the Supreme Court finally and positively supported higher education’s right of affirmative action (Brunner, 2007). The Court held as constitutional the use of race, among other aspects, of the University of Michigan in its law school admissions program given that the program advanced a compelling interest in achieving an educational advantage that flows from the diversity of student body. In addition, the Court established that the law school’s program was narrowly tailored, flexible, and supported a holistic assessment of every applicant.

After Various Writings By Rich :: essays research papers

After various writings by Richard Rodriguez and Octavio Paz, I have come across several realizations. Who am I? Should I be a part of a nation and a â€Å"system† that does not value me, or should I be a part of a nation that does not acknowledge my existence? The United States as a nation does not value me, and Mà ©xico does not even know that I exist. These are difficult matters to discuss. We are all in search of our own identity. However, some of us are placed in a situation that makes it very difficult and confusing to know or understand. I have always asked myself, â€Å"Who am I?† I should put it in more crude words, â€Å"Where do I belong?† After this specific question is asked, I begin to realize that I have problems coming up with a response. My parents were born in Mà ©xico, and thus, they are Mexican. Sometimes I feel I belong here in the United States, but other times I feel more attached to Mà ©xico. I am a Mexican-American. However, I feel that I am denying in some way my heritage and my culture by saying that I am. I am denying my parents. I say that I’m Mexican because in a sense I am. I am also an American. I am a Mexican-American. What do these terms put together imply? They should imply that the person is Mexican and American. The term â€Å"Mexican-American† is the very reason why I find myself confused about who I really am. I need to search for my own identity, which leads me to the purpose of this essay. Rodriguez and Paz have discussed this particular problem of identity. All three have different viewpoints. Some of their ideas are similar but mostly contradictory, especially in the case of Rodriguez and Paz. As I was reading, I was able to relate to what they had to say, and in a much bigger sense, I was able to understand and know who I am. I was able to find my self.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to Paz, self-discovery is most than anything realizing that we are alone. Paz argues that our being or our identity becomes a problem and a question. It becomes a problem because of several reasons. We just don’t simply wake up one day and realize that we don’t know who we are. There are individuals who are placed in difficult situations that allow for these questions to arise.

Effect of Anxiety Disorder

EFFECT OF ANXIETY DISORDER Nowadays people suffer from not only physical healt peoblems but mental problems are also quite common. Anxiety disorder is one of the mental problem which people face to handle commonly. Therefore; what is anxiety disorder ? In article of Anxiety Attacks and Anxiety Disorders explained that ;’’ Anxiety attacks( panic attacks ), are episodes of intense panic or fear’’ (2012)*. Some Effects of the anxiety disorder are faster heart beating and breathing,changing social behaviour. Firstly, one of the main effect of anxiety disorder, faster heart beating and breathing happen with increase adrenalin in human body.Because of the this health problem, people feel always warning and they don’t want to meet and see people around. therefore; this people want to be alone because they afraid if they can be disgraced. One of the point that people should care,not every faster heart beating and breathing mean anxiety disorder,faster heart beating and breathing is quite normal symptom of human being sensation;however,anxiety disorder patients have this beating immediately;moreover,without any symbol. Faster heart beating and breathing is simple and common effect of anxiety disorder problem.Secondly,it is really important and bad effect of anxiety disorder;changing human behaviour. people with anxiety disorder,assume that if they can have panic when they speak or meet someone,As    Lyness, PhD state that â€Å"people who have this illnesses,fear if others dont understand their problem;moreover, if they dont show understandablity,if others can ciriticise his or her behaviour unrighteously. Patient afraid of if they can meet misunderstanding,eventhough the anxiety problem is common,people with the illnesses feel alone and misunderstood (October,2012)**.Anxiety disorder effect of changing behaviour is affect even people social,school and family life. Finaly,effects of anxiety disorder problem are faster heart beating and changing behaviour change human life profoundly. Although it has unwell effects,it isnt unrecover illnesses,it has solution. In article Anxiety disorder,according to Mr. Lyness,PhD,steps of treatment are that Tell a parent or other adult about physical sensations, worries, or fears. Get a checkup and make sure wheather it can be physical problem. Work with a mental health professional.Get regular exercise, good nutrition, and sleep(October,2010). RESOURCES **http://kidshealth. org/teen/your_mind/mental_health/anxiety. html#a_How_Are_Anxiety_Disorders_Treated_(first one: summury from under head of How Anxiety Disorders Affect People,second paragraph.. second one(in final part) is summary of under head of What to Do in article start from second paragraph. ) ————————————————- *http://www. helpguide. org/mental/anxiety_types_symptoms_treatment. htm (Under the head of Anxie ty attacks and their symptoms,first sentence,direct quatation)

Why Do Countries Trade with Each Other

Why do countries trade with each other? Show, using examples, why this may be to do with principle of comparative advantage. Introduction In 1776 Adam Smith stated, â€Å"If a foreign country can supply us with a commodity cheaper than we ourselves can make it, better buy it of them with some part of the produce of our own industry, employed in a way in which we have some advantage. † This sentence shows basic principle on which the world trade is based. Countries buy and sell goods abroad to achieve the best possible cost-effectiveness.Long-distance trade dates back to the ancient times and today it is the heart of the world economy. It is a crucial factor in economic growth of every state. Source of prosperity and development in industrialized world. Statistically speaking, countries with high per capita values of export and import tend to have relatively rich and prosperous societies. International trade is a necessity deriving from the diversity of international community. Countries have different weather, natural resources, population, educational level of workforce, infrastructure.All these thing make cost of producing particular commodities different in each country. And that difference causes international trade to be reasonable. In my essay I’ll try to justify why countries trade with each other by pointing out and explaining particular aspects of foreign trade. Natural Resources and Factor of Endowment The most obvious and visible cause for international trade is a difference in location of natural resources and factor of endowment. Factor of endowment is amount  of  labor,  land,  money  and  entrepreneurship  that could be exploited for  manufacturing  within a country.Every country is unique, therefore they have different economic potentials. Some countries naturally have more natural resources, higher population, bigger territory than the others. Uneven location of resources causes limited possibilities of productio n within countries. For example France has basically no oil resources on its own yet it is the world 13th biggest consumer (CIA, 2010). That means that it has to import almost all it requires. They are importing it from countries that have oil surplus that they can exchange. Population is also a crucial factor.More populated nations are more likely to produce huge surplus of commodities that they can subsequently sell. Like China which huge industry sector produce number of goods big enough to sell all over the world. In order to cultivate the land, grow particular plants, practice animal husbandry very specific climate and soil fertility is needed. For instance citrus fruits can develop only in climates with a cool winter. Relatively few countries can claim to have weather like this, yet we can buy oranges and limes all over the world.These examples show that some countries do not have physical possibility to produce certain goods and have to import them. This is especially noticea ble in industrialized western societies which historically have very big demand on tropical goods such as spices, fabrics, fruits etc. Specialization Heckscher-Ohlin theory indicates that countries specializes in the production of goods that it is adopted to produce. It directly derives from differences in factor of endowment I described before.Countries have different production capacity some are rich in capital and poor in labour power, others have a lot of people but not much capital, some have a lot of raw materials, another have skilled man power. Principle of specialization is closely related to the division of labour. Whole country adopts a role of producer of certain good when the others do the same with different goods. Of course it is just a simplification because some commodities like for instance cars are produced in many different countries. One country can be specialized in production of many different goods.But in general every country produce a certain range of produ cts in high volume. That give them the opportunity to invest as much capital and labour as it is possible to develop the production and conduct research. That helps achieving higher efficiency of production and exploit economy of scale. Economy of scale is basically decreasing average cost of production per unit by expanding scale of output. By specialization economy is capable to produce high surplus and sell it abroad afterwards. Since when costs of production decreases, supply increases.To visualize the point I’ll present and theoretical example. Country â€Å"A† is very capital-abundant but is poor in labour and country â€Å"B† is poor in capital, but has a lot of labour force. Country â€Å"A† country can form capital-intensive industries that will have great efficiency thanks to scale of the production. It will produce surplus and then exchange it with country â€Å"B† which specialized itself in labour-intensive industries. By that means, p roduction of both capital and labour intensive goods will be higher and of better quality. Great real world example is Dutch agriculture.Holland is a medium populated country with only 61st place in the world in terms of population (CIA, 2012). Yet its agriculture which employs only 2% of the population provides large surpluses for the food-processing industry and exports. After United states and France it is world third largest exporter of foodstuffs. That is thanks to huge investments in new technologies and mechanized agriculture. Comparative Advantage Both reasons for trading that I described in previous paragraphs boil down to one absolute cause for world trade to occur, comparative advantage.Country has a comparative advantage when it has an ability to produce particular good at lower marginal and opportunity cost. Because of limited production capacity no country is able to produce every needed product. To produce particular good or service, economy sometimes has to give up o n producing others. That means that a country has to specialize on producing goods that is has comparative advantage on. For instance let’s assume that Poland can produce both cars and grow carrots at relatively low cost but at the same time Ukraine can grow carrots with a bit higher cost than Poland, but can’t produce cars.That means that Poland has absolute advantage on both goods but opportunity cost of producing a car in Poland is significantly higher than in Ukraine. By investing work force and capital in cultivation of carrots Poland misses an opportunity to produce more cars which can bring higher revenue to the polish economy. In that way Ukraine has a comparative advantage on production of carrots because Ukrainian economy do not lose opportunity to produce anything, by investing in carrot agricultural production. This example explains why it is sometime worthwhile for countries to export goods that they are capable of producing.This can lead everyone to produ cing only those goods that one can produce most efficiently. Good example of comparative advantage in contemporary world is the fact that on span of last few India became a major supplier of phone answering services for USA. Even though obviously Americans have better skill in English language and are able to provide this service independently , relatively high skilled American labour force is needed in another efforts. Opportunity cost of having that service provided by Americans is to apparently to high. That’s why it is transferred to India. ConclusionConclusion that derives from previous points is that world trade is inevitable and necessary mean in contemporary world. Factor of Endowments paragraph clearly states that countries are endowed with resources extremely unevenly. 81% of Petroleum reserves which is currently one of the most desired and needed commodities is localized in only 12 countries(OPEC,2011). Concerning that most of the world countries do not have oil re sources big enough to satisfy domestic demand, they have to import it. This is not only oil supply problem, many goods are able to be produced, mined etc. only in certain areas.This is in my opinion the most visible and crucial reason why countries trade. Secondly over the years people understood that specialization and intensification of production can bring huge profit. Economy of scale make per unit production cheaper but involve bigger effort. That’s why it is easier to focus on big production of only some range of goods why importing others. And of course comparative advantage principle which in mathematical way, shows how by division of production between countries and a proper assessment of opportunity cost every country can trade with one another with profit.These three examples of reasons why do countries trade should explain concept of international trade clearly enough and show its benefits and inevitability in contemporary world. Bibliography Smith, A, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, (1776) Sokoloff, Engerman, History Lessons: Institutions, Factors Endowments, and Paths of Development in the New World, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Available from: http://www. jstor. org/stable/2646928? seq=8 [Accessed 29th October 2012]McKenzie, Lionel, Specialization and Efficiency in World Production. , The Review of Economic Studies21 ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Smith, A. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. (1776), p. 364. [ 2 ]. Business Dictionary, Factor of Endowment Definition. Available from: http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/factor-endowment. html [Accessed 28 October 2012] [ 3 ]. The Economist, Economies of scale and scope. Available from: http://www. economist. com/node/12446567 [Accessed 29th October 2012]

Guide on Leadership Research Paper Writing at the Best Possible Level

Guide on Leadership Research Paper Writing at the Best Possible Level Leadership is one of the most compound disciplines that holds a variety of aspects to research. It is no wonder that you’re asked to research exactly this field of study. Depending on the interest or need, a leadership research paper can represent a study of theories, styles of leadership or approaches to its development. The purpose of the research paper is to identify the topical factors impacting the understanding of the selected concept. Therefore, to succeed in completing research, it is necessary to use empirical and up-to-date sources, having strong metrics of issuing own variables and hypothesis. Research on leadership can represent an overview of theoretical frameworks or identification of new approaches supported by the valid research data. Writing a leadership research paper requires strong organizational and substantial analytical work that will be simplified if you read this guide to the end. How to Choose a Topic for a Leadership Research Paper? The choice of topic for leadership research paper writing depends on the concept you want to focus on. For instance, it is possible to: Examine the application of leadership theories to a particular setting, Compare the appropriate leadership styles of two prominent leaders, Identify the limitation of an approach to leadership, Develop a system of adapting direction to the different setting, and others. Therefore, to construct valid arguments, it is essential to primarily identify the most exciting and under-researched parts of the leadership field. The following topics represent the accurate examples of a leadership research paper topic: Transformational Leadership; Contrast and Comparison of Leadership Styles; Gender Differences in Leadership; Leadership Ethics; Servant Leadership. The broader topic can be specified based on your research needs. For instance, you can advance the issue by incorporating details about the specific research features. When researching leadership ethics of a company, you can add its name to the topic. Therefore, you will be limited to examining information connected directly to the firm. How to Research the Topic? Once you select the topic for your research, it is time to start the research process itself. There are several ways of integrating gradually into the research of the subject starting from the identification of online publication relevant to the concept to scheduling an appointment at the library, identifying the books that will support the research. Before doing research subjected directly to the topic, it is necessary to understand the overall definition of leadership. In the Business Dictionary, it is an activity exercised by a group of people who provide a strategy of unification through the communication of vision and coordination of work to its achievement. The means of organization can vary depending on the style of the leader or the chosen theory of leadership applied to the setting. Online Databases Available for You Today Nowadays, you may say, â€Å"Research is simpler and more convenient than ever before.† To study the assigned or exciting topic, you can type in a search engine the name of the concept and read everything related to it. But is all that information reliable? Let’s focus on reliable databases. If the websites of online databases are correctly structured, the search itself is convenient to navigate, set bookmarks and highlight the key ideas. Further, you would not doubt whether the source is credible, as such databases include only scholarly sources. The examples below are the proper online sources for a leadership research paper. SpringerLink. Read the article Leadership: Philosophical Perspectives and Qualitative Analysis of Ethics to find out more about ethics applied to leadership. Google Books. Read the Harvard Business Review on the leadership that gets results or the spiritual leadership. Wiley Online Library. Read about the entrepreneurial imperatives of strategic leadership. However, apart from such resources, other databases require a fee for access. Therefore, to avoid paying the additional price for information, you can turn to the university library for more information. Choosing research in the library setting is more challenging. However, libraries often cooperate with databases such as EBSCO that provide more information with the convenient navigation. Moreover, in the library, you can find books, apart from journals that offer an in-depth analysis of the literature issuing results of significant studies along with the reports. Therefore, by integrating such sources into the research paper, the quality and credibility of your writing would improve drastically. To simplify the process of research in the library, take notes that would hold the key aspects of the book or research for you to use in the further writing process. How to Choose Sources for a References List? The choice of sources is an entangled process that demands experience and practice. However, the critical advice on choosing a reference is by assessing its relevance to the selected topic. It would not harm to read a book or research that may not be directly subjected to your research paper. In fact, it would broaden your understanding of the concept. You should set a goal of using only scholarly sources. The credibility of the authors should not be a matter of bias. Furthermore, the empirical studies would be of greater use to the research paper, as the validity of the conclusions would be supported by an actual investigation that supports the theory. In fact, it can serve as a platform for ideas to your research of the argument. The draft of an annotated bibliography for each source is the most useful mean of simplifying the further writing process. The advantages of an annotated bibliography range from remembering the usability of each source to the identification of argument that each reference would enhance into the further leadership research paper. A helpful annotated bibliography consists of the following parts. Identifications of the authors; Type of study; Support of the source’s credibility; Purpose of the study; Summary of the main points; Relevance to your research paper; Identification of the useful content. Moreover, a completed reference follows each annotation of the source by which you simplify the further construction of the bibliography. Therefore, such step is an essential means of coping with the process and streamline the research. How to Structure an Outline of a Research Paper? Ask Our Writers The writing process should start with an outline. A basic overview consists of the introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. However, in a leadership research paper, it is essential to extend the outline to include more specific points. For instance, an excellent research outline will consist of the following points. Title; Introduction: hook and background; Thesis statement; Body paragraphs with supporting ideas and details; Conclusion; References; Appendix if necessary. As a result, the identification of each part in the research paper structure enables to draft a correct paper. An outline is the first step in the process of putting the researched information into the piece of writing. Therefore, it is significant to focus on its quality, logical flow of ideas and credible supporting details. A helpful hint for work on the leadership research paper is to organize the information visually. For example, take notes on your computer, put title with a separate color to each source. Separate the screen into parts to see the entire outline when constructing it. By visualizing your data and understanding the flow of ideas, the further process of filling the structure with information will be convenient and enjoyable. Title Completing A leadership research paper title depends directly on the choice of the topic. However, in contrast to the subject, a title is a specific set of researched aspects. For instance, when identifying the leadership style of a corporation, the title would hold the name of the firm. Further, a title implies shortened visualization of the thesis statement. Therefore, it should keep the fundamental idea of the research paper without referring to the supporting arguments and peculiarity of the topic. Writing an Analytical Research Paper on Leadership The target audience of the research and the scope of the assignment determine its type. It could be argumentative, persuasive, analytical, or other. However, the most common form of the preferred research paper on leadership refers to analytical writing. For example, to provide such texts, it is essential to issue an objective overview of facts. The title should direct the choice of supporting ideas. However, you should also include the limitations of the chosen aspect of leadership. For instance, when writing about transformational leadership, you can refer to the means of enhancing such leadership through the practice of proactive, cautious behavior. Further, proceed with the identification of the common weaknesses that transformational leaders share, such as the lack of self-control and persistent cautiousness to issue the most suitable choices based on the Harvard Business Review. As a result, you will provide an objective overview of every aspect of the topic making the research objective. Abstract and Introduction Writing A research paper commonly starts with an abstract. In a leadership research paper, an abstract would include an overview of the purpose of the article, the main points and the summary of the results. An outline is a short overview of the critical arguments in the research. It does not require referencing or explanation of the relevance of the topic to the scientific discourse. Writing an introduction after completing the central part of the research will simplify the process of identifying the critical points in the description. In a leadership research paper, an introduction reveals everything that the readers will learn from the article. Therefore, it is essential to elaborate on each argument and finalize the structure before writing an introduction. Thesis Statement Writing A thesis statement is the most crucial part of the leadership research paper. It determines the strengths of the writer, the quality of the text and the relevance of the research. Therefore, working on the thesis statement should be an effort derived from thorough knowledge of the topic, attention to the arguments to use in the text and identification of the main parts of the thesis sentence. These are the examples of a poorly constructed thesis statements for a leadership research paper. We need good leaders to lead. Servant leadership does not work. An exercise of democratic leadership style makes the world better. The reason for each of the mentioned above thesis statements being poor includes the lack of supporting ideas, the ambiguous writing style, and elusive concepts. The final pre-writing suggestion is to finalize the structure of the leadership research paper. The importance of such a step refers to the integration of all ideas into a single outline, without having to conduct additional research. It is a time-efficient mean of handling the writing process well. For instance, when finalizing to evaluate whether the ideas are reasonable to support the literature with the valid and logical flow of information accurately. Assess the correspondence of the thesis statement with the arguments of the outline. As a result, you will have a complete understanding of everything that is further necessary to start writing and complete such a task on time. Body Paragraphs Writing A research paper is not limited to a certain number of body paragraphs. It could range from five to ten paragraphs, each holding a specific idea to enhance the research. When you work on the annotated bibliography, you identify the relevance of each source to the future outline. At the stage of writing the body paragraphs, utilize the annotations an insert the main information into the framework. Thus, you will state the main idea and support it with the conducted scholarly research information. If you choose to incorporate your research into the paper, include the description of methods, finding and results. The standard ending paragraph would refer to the discussion of research results. However, if your research paper on leadership is theoretical, then you can omit such sections and adapt it to your needs. Conclusion Writing The importance of the conclusion part refers to the identification of all points mentioned throughout the research. However, it is vital to address only the central ideas providing an overview of the most appealing and critical arguments. You should avoid incorporating new insights into a conclusion. Therefore, it should not hold references, further supporting details of the research or personal opinion. The great ending will enable the reader to understand the purpose, tools, and organization of the research paper. Moreover, it would be useful to add the relevance of the conducted research to the future examination of the topic and its contribution to the discourse of leadership field. How to Edit and Proofread? The final part of the writing implies editing and proofreading the research paper. When correcting, it is significant to mind the names, numbers, and any data inserted in the text. It is the double-check of the credibility of each argument, the grammatical accuracy of the writing and spelling check. To edit the research, follow the guidelines of the analytical style of writing. Avoid compound sentences and add the smooth transition from one idea to the next. While it may seem that reading the research several times is an unnecessary step, the benefits are tenfold. You will be confident that the leadership research paper is done by the guidelines, being easy to read and understand. Referencing The research paper should always have a list of references used in across the text. As you have previously worked on an annotated bibliography, it would simple for you to insert each source into a list. Making a list in alphabetical order is essential. Moreover, depending on the purpose of the research paper, the formatting of the referencing list can be different. There are such styles as APA, Harvard, MLA, Chicago, Turabian, and others. The differences refer to the way the citation reveals the information about the sources. For instance, in an MLA reference the full name of the authors is necessary, while in an APA one, only the last name would be enough. Consider all the leadership research paper writing prompts before starting the writing process. Research of leadership can be enjoyable and exciting, once you learn to manage each point relevant to a useful leadership paper.

Solar Radiation and the Earths Albedo

Solar Radiation and the Earth's Albedo Nearly all of the energy arriving on planet Earth and driving the various weather events, oceanic currents, and distribution of ecosystems originates with the sun. This intense solar radiation as it is known in physical geography originates in the sun’s core and is eventually sent to Earth after convection (the vertical movement of energy) forces it away from the sun’s core. It takes approximately eight minutes for solar radiation to reach the Earth after leaving the sun’s surface. Once this solar radiation arrives on Earth, its energy is distributed unevenly across the globe by latitude. As this radiation enters the Earth’s atmosphere it hits near the equator and develops an energy surplus. Because less direct solar radiation arrives at the poles, they, in turn, develop an energy deficit. To keep energy balanced on the Earth’s surface, the excess energy from the equatorial regions flows toward the poles in a cycle so energy will be balanced across the globe. This cycle is called the Earth-Atmosphere energy balance. Solar Radiation Pathways Once the Earth’s atmosphere receives shortwave solar radiation, the energy is referred to as insolation. This insolation is the energy input responsible for moving the various Earth-atmosphere systems like the energy balance described above but also weather events, oceanic currents, and other Earth cycles. Insolation can be direct or diffuse. Direct radiation is solar radiation received by the Earth’s surface and/or atmosphere that has not been altered by atmospheric scattering. Diffused radiation is solar radiation that has been modified by scattering. Scattering itself is one of five pathways solar radiation can take when entering the atmosphere. It occurs when insolation is deflected and/or redirected upon entering the atmosphere by dust, gas, ice, and water vapor present there. If the energy waves have a shorter wavelength, they are scattered more than those with longer wavelengths. Scattering and how it reacts with wavelength size are responsible for many things we see in the atmosphere such as the sky’s blue color and white clouds. Transmission is another solar radiation pathway. It occurs when both shortwave and longwave energy pass through the atmosphere and water instead of scattering when interacting with gases and other particles in the atmosphere. Refraction can also occur when solar radiation enters the atmosphere. This pathway happens when energy moves from one type of space to another, such as from air into water. As the energy moves from these spaces, it changes its speed and direction when reacting with the particles present there. The shift in direction often causes the energy to bend and release the various light colors within it, similar to what happens as light passes through a crystal or prism. Absorption is the fourth type of solar radiation pathway and is the conversion of energy from one form into another. For example, when solar radiation is absorbed by water, its energy shifts to the water and raises its temperature. This is common of all-absorbing surfaces from a tree’s leaf to asphalt. The final solar radiation pathway is a reflection. This is when a portion of energy bounces directly back to space without being absorbed, refracted, transmitted, or scattered. An important term to remember when studying solar radiation and reflection is albedo. Albedo Albedo is defined as the reflective quality of a surface. It is expressed as a percentage of reflected insolation to incoming insolation and zero percent is total absorption while 100% is the total reflection. In terms of visible colors, darker colors have a lower albedo, that is, they absorb more insolation, and lighter colors have a high albedo, or higher rates of reflection. For example, snow reflects 85-90% of insolation, whereas asphalt reflects only 5-10%. The angle of the sun also impacts albedo value and lower sun angles create greater reflection because the energy coming from a low sun angle is not as strong as that arriving from a high sun angle. Additionally, smooth surfaces have a higher albedo while rough surfaces reduce it. Like solar radiation in general, albedo values also vary across the globe with latitude but Earth’s average albedo is around 31%. For surfaces between the tropics (23.5Â °N to 23.5Â °S) the average albedo is 19-38%. At the poles, it can be as high as 80% in some areas. This is a result of the lower sun angle present at the poles but also the higher presence of fresh snow, ice, and smooth open water- all areas prone to high levels of reflectivity. Albedo, Solar Radiation, and Humans Today, albedo is a major concern for humans worldwide. As industrial activities increase air pollution, the atmosphere itself is becoming more reflective because there are more aerosols to reflect insolation. In addition, the low albedo of the world’s largest cities sometimes creates urban heat islands which impacts both city planning and energy consumption. Solar radiation is also finding its place in new plans for renewable energy- most notably solar panels for electricity and black tubes for heating water. These items’ dark colors have low albedos and therefore absorb nearly all of the solar radiation striking them, making them efficient tools for harnessing the sun’s power worldwide. Regardless of the sun’s efficiency in electricity generation though, the study of solar radiation and albedo is essential to the understanding of Earth’s weather cycles, ocean currents, and locations of different ecosystems.

Building and construction management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Building and construction management - Essay Example .......................................... .......................... p.13 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY An analysis of an expansion project on a residential house is described. The project’s compliance with civil and neighborhood regulations pertaining to the proposed changes is put into perspective. An account of the technical specifications of the proposed changes is included, with detailed explanations of the context for the proposed expansion based on accepted housing construction techniques. Finally, recommendations are given for additional expansions of the project. INTRODUCTION The property in question is a brick constructed, detached house in a neighborhood where most dwellings date back to 1970, and were mostly level in placement. The project location is a corner plot on Guildford road, within the urban boundaries of Fleet. The actual lot encompasses 500 square meters, and is rectangular in shape. The house is equipped with a flat roof double garage attached, with a north-easy s ide elevation. The house possesses a driveway and small garden in the front of the dwelling. The backyard lawn includes a rear garden, a patio and shrubs. The front and rear of the property are shaded with trees. The project will add Dormers to the structure, often suggested as a way to better appreciate trees. (FamilyHandyman.com, 2004), (Sebastino, 2012) Often popular in Queen Anne style houses. (La Chiusa, 2006) A proposal is underway to expand this property with an extension of the first floor; requiring modification and construction of the roofing elements to support the addition. The proposed roof is intended to measure 6 metres at the apex, ranging from 3.5 metres at the eaves. It will include dormers on the front and rear roof elevations. A juliette balcony is to be included in the rear of the expansion. The windows here, and elsewhere for the expansion will be 1.5 metres tall, set down 0.5 meters below the roof's ridge, and 1.4 metres wide. Dormer windows will extended 2.2 metres from the roofline. (Hart.gov.uk, 2008) The garage contains a utility room that will be enlarged to dimensions of 2.5 by 3.8 metres. Tiles, bricks and matching components will be used that are compatible with the portions of the house that already exist. Local developmental plan policies have been consulted, and there is no anticipation of a harmful impact to the house itself, or the community at large. The expansion proposal for the house would be highly visible on Guildford road and neighboring streets. However, the additions are connected to the primary house without intruding onto other properties, and do not contrast sharply with the overall character of the neighborhood. The extension will incorporate elements from the ground floor that rise 3.8 meters anterior to the front elevation and 2.3 metres at the eaves, rising up 3 metres to the top of the roof. The eaves assist in the diversion of rain water away from the walls of the house, reducing the potential for erosion b y separating wetness on the roof from the walls of the house. They may also influence the transmission of heat. (DBH.gov, 2004), (Yourhome.gov.au, 2012) No side windows on the Guildhall property are extant, and the rear windows should not create privacy challenges, due to the distance involved between the adjoining dwellings, in addition to the tree on the edge of the property that allows screening of the immediate line of sight. The property in question is regarded as a natural extension of the pre-existing residence, with no apparent incompatibility with

Juvenile Justice Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Juvenile Justice Policy - Essay Example They are not wary of what will happen next because it is their choice. They took that risk with the rationality of mind that it will be for the better. But the cases I have stated above are something that can not be applied to all societies and countries. For one apparent reason not every family can afford to send their children to school. Another reason is that there is an issue about removing children away from their family and sending them to a residential schools or boarding schools. This is a policy that many people are against with because there is the violation of the freedom to choose. Affected families have also stated different repercussions of the policy to the children and to the families of the children. Since it is a policy, no one can go against with it. But the question remains, is the policy really effective Do the policy makers uphold the objectives of the policy And have they really thought of welfare of the kids Or they are just serving their vested interests In the United States there is a policy wherein the Juvenile or the Family Court has given the authority to remove the children from their homes because of the following reasons: 1.) The child has been delinquent; 2.) The child has no parents making him or her dependent or abandoned and the child has no guardian; 3.) The needs of the child are not supplemented by his or her family - he is neglected; and lastly, 4.) The child is being abused in any forms or in any way. Aside from this policy, there is another existing policy that is similar to the one I have mentioned above but is very different in terms of the grounds why there is a need for removing kids from their home. The policy is very popular in North America where you can find most of the American-Indian. And the policy is removing Native American children from their homes and sending them into residential schools where according to the authorities it would help the children to learn civilizing lifestyle. Thus making them 'civ ilized' people. Historical Justification of the Policy and Its Implementation It all started when European Missionaries came to North America and lives with them. Through their observations they noticed that the people are 'uncivilized'. So they thought that it is best for the community of the Native Americans if they would separate the children away from their families. By doing so, the children will be taught on how to be a 'civilized' person (following of course the European lifestyle). The European Missionaries then build residential schools. They have stated two reasons, and these are: 1.) the very apparent reason is separating the children away from their family; and 2.) they believe that native culture is not worthy to preserve. That time they have in mind and they do believe that native culture is no use and soon it will eventually die. They also believe that all people would develop into someone like the civilized Europeans who consider themselves as advanced. The European Missionaries run this policy but in the long run the Canadian churches and the government helped the missionaries in implementing the policy. It is then that it became an official Canadian policy in support for educating American-Indian Children. The residential schoo